Additional disinfectants effective against the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Webb, Rebecca; Méndez, Diana; Berger, Lee; Speare, Richard

doi:10.3354/dao074013

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…However, recent field data found a negative association of Bd with ultraviolet radiation in Europe [123]. Bd is easily killed by several disinfectants [124,125]. Bd is highly sensitive to desiccation.…”

Section: (Iv) Consequences Of Infection For Amphibian Populations Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiology meets conservation: understanding the role of disease in amphibian population declines

Blaustein

Gervasi

Johnson

et al. 2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

135

114

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Infectious diseases are intimately associated with the dynamics of biodiversity. However, the role that infectious disease plays within ecological communities is complex. The complex effects of infectious disease at the scale of communities and ecosystems are driven by the interaction between host and pathogen. Whether or not a given host-pathogen interaction results in progression from infection to disease is largely dependent on the physiological characteristics of the host within the context of the external environment. Here, we highlight the importance of understanding the outcome of infection and disease in the context of host ecophysiology using amphibians as a model system. Amphibians are ideal for such a discussion because many of their populations are experiencing declines and extinctions, with disease as an important factor implicated in many declines and extinctions. Exposure to pathogens and the host's responses to infection can be influenced by many factors related to physiology such as host life history, immunology, endocrinology, resource acquisition, behaviour and changing climates. In our review, we discuss the relationship between disease and biodiversity. We highlight the dynamics of three amphibian host-pathogen systems that induce different effects on hosts and life stages and illustrate the complexity of amphibianhost-parasite systems. We then review links between environmental stress, endocrine -immune interactions, disease and climate change.

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Section: (Iv) Consequences Of Infection For Amphibian Populations Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiology meets conservation: understanding the role of disease in amphibian population declines

Blaustein

Gervasi

Johnson

et al. 2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

135

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A number of antiseptic techniques are currently available for the sterilization of wastes and surfaces, including the application/soaking of over-the-counter bleach with a sodium hypochlorite concentration of 1% and above for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and 3% and above for ranaviruses (Johnson et al 2003, OIE 2007, Webb et al 2007, Bryan et al 2009). …”

Section: Implications and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, are now globally notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): an assessment

Schloegel¹,

Daszak²,

Cunningham³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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119

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The global trade in amphibians entails the transport of tens of millions of live animals each year. In addition to the impact harvesting wild animals can have on amphibian populations, there is mounting evidence that the emerging pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranaviruses, the aetiological agents of chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, respectively, are spread through this trade. The link between these pathogens and amphibian declines and extinctions suggests that the epidemiological impact of the trade is significant and may negatively affect conservation and trade economics. Here we present a brief assessment of the volume of the global trade in live amphibians, the risk of individuals harboring infection, and information on the recent listing by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) of chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease in the OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code. This listing made chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease internationally notifiable diseases and thus subject to OIE standards, which aim to assure the sanitary safety of international trade in live amphibians and their products.

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“…First, to determine exposure times and concentrations required to kill Bd, antimicrobial compounds were applied to fungal monolayers in wells, and then removed at various time points and new broth added (Berger 2001, Webb et al 2007). This assay is the only test for fungicidal activity on sporangia; removal of the compound allows for growth of surviving sporangia.…”

Section: Evaluating Antifungal Effects In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of chytridiomycosis requires urgent clinical trials

Berger¹,

Speare²,

Pessier³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Effective and safe treatments of amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), are needed to prevent mortality in captive programs, reduce the risk of disease spread, and better manage the disease in threatened wild populations. Bd is susceptible to a range of antifungal agents and low levels of heat (> 30°C) when tested in vitro, but there are few proven methods for clearing adult amphibians of Bd, and acute drug toxicity is a problem for tadpoles and juveniles. In postmetamorphic animals, heat (32 and 37°C) is the only well-supported treatment. Antifungal drugs have not undergone rigorous testing -for example, trials were small or lacked controls and thorough post-treatment testing. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies have not been performed so there are no data on blood or tissue levels of antifungal agents. However, itraconazole baths have been widely used in amphibian rescue and conservation programs and anecdotal evidence suggests that they are effective for adults and subadults. In an experimental trial with tadpoles, a low dose of itraconazole cleared Bd but may have been associated with cutaneous depigmentation. Fluconazole appeared safe for tadpoles as it did not cause mortality, and future attempts to find an effective dose may be worthwhile. Palliative restoration of blood sodium and potassium levels by administration of electrolyte solutions appears useful in frogs with clinical chytridiomycosis. Randomised and blinded clinical trials, which include basic pharmacological studies, are urgently needed to provide comparable evidence for the safety and efficacy of treatment options which are likely to vary with amphibian species. Priorities are to validate and optimize the use of heat and itraconazole regimes.

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Additional disinfectants effective against the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Cited by 44 publications

References 12 publications

Ecophysiology meets conservation: understanding the role of disease in amphibian population declines

Ecophysiology meets conservation: understanding the role of disease in amphibian population declines

Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, are now globally notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): an assessment

Treatment of chytridiomycosis requires urgent clinical trials

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