Addition of fat to the diets of lactating sows: I. Effects on milk production and composition and carcass composition of the litter at weaning.

Tilton, Scott; Miller, Phillip S.; Lewis, A. J.; Reese, Duane; Ermer, Paul

doi:10.2527/1999.7792491x

Cited by 55 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…This suggests that at least in the first parity a suboptimal gestation energy intake can not be ameliorated by an energy level 20% above the requirement. Oleic acid is the highest concentrated fatty acids in sow fat (Den Hartog et al 1987;Tilton et al 1999). Oleic acid had the highest concentration in milk fat of sows in the 120/80 treatment combination group, probably indicating that it was directly derived from lipolysis of previously stored fat (Table VI).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…These include growth of the conceptus and reproductive tissues, maternal growth, and milk output. To date several studies on the effects of supplemental fat, protein and specific amino acids in lactating sows are available (Jackson et al 1995;Dourmad et al 1998;Tilton et al 1999;Moser et al 2000). Also different dietary energy and protein intakes during gestation have been investigated (Noblet & Etienne 1986;Kusina et al 1999;Cooper et al 2001;Clowes et al 2003aClowes et al , 2003b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effects of dietary energy intake during gestation and lactation on milk yield and composition of first, second and fourth parity sows

Beyer

Jentsch

Kuhla

et al. 2007

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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In order to determine the effects of a varied level of dietary energy intake during pregnancy and lactation on milk yield and composition, first, second and fourth parity sows (Large White x German Landrace) were provided with energy at a level of either: (i) 100% of ME requirement (MEreq) during pregnancy and lactation, (ii) 120% MEreq during pregnancy and 80% during lactation, and (iii) 80% MEreq during pregnancy and 120% during lactation. In spite of equal target levels feed analysis revealed that gestating first parity sows with 120/80 treatment combination and lactating sows of 80/120 treatment combination received 25, and 11-17% more digestible N than in the respective 100/100 treatment combination. Irrespective of this 120/80 sows responded with the highest milk DM, fat, and energy contents, and the lowest lactose concentrations whereas protein levels where not affected, irrespective of parity (p < 0.05). Milk yield of sows in 1st and 4th lactation was 85 and 106% of that in 2nd lactation, respectively. Average milk composition was 18.1% DM, 4.9% protein, 6.8% fat, 5.6% lactose, and 0.8% ash. Milk composition changes ceased at day 7 of lactation with a reduction of milk GE and protein, and an increase of lactose content. Concentrations of threonine, arginine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tryptophan, as well as stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid were higher in colostrum than in milk at later lactation stages. In contrast, laurine, myristic, palmitic, and palmitoleic acids were lower concentrated in colostrum. In conclusion, these results illustrate the importance of body reserve mobilization for milk production in sows and indicate that low energy supply during gestation cannot be compensated by higher energy supply during lactation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of dietary energy intake during gestation and lactation on milk yield and composition of first, second and fourth parity sows

Beyer

Jentsch

Kuhla

et al. 2007

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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“…Vitamin E as a-tocopherol was added at an equivalent of 179 IU, which was much greater than the minimum requirement (NRC, 1998). Others have reported no adverse effect of tallow or animal fat up to 10% inclusion in the diet on feed intake during lactation (Johnston et al, 1986, Tilton et al, 1999. The energy density of the control and n-3 diets was formulated to be equal to remove the possibility of a response due to dietary energy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sow litter size is increased in the subsequent parity when lactating sows are fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids from fish oil1

Smits¹,

Luxford²,

Mitchell

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Science

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Supplementing diets with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil has been shown to improve reproductive performance in dairy cattle and sheep, but there is little published literature on its effects in sows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows fed fish oil as a source of n-3 PUFA prefarrowing and during lactation. From d 107.7 ± 0.1 of pregnancy, 328 sows ranging in parity from 0 to 7 (parity 1.95 ± 0.09, mean ± SE) were fed either a diet containing tallow (control) or an isocaloric diet containing 3 g of fish oil/kg of diet (n-3). Diets were formulated to contain the same amount of DE (13.9 MJ/kg), crude fat (54 g/kg), and CP (174 g/kg). Sows were fed their treatment diet at 3 kg daily for 8 d before farrowing and continued on treatment diets ad libitum until weaning at 18.7 ± 0.1 d of lactation. After weaning, all sows were fed a gestation diet without fish oil until their subsequent farrowing. There was no effect (P > 0.310) of feeding n-3 diets prefarrowing on piglet birth weight, preweaning growth rate, piglet weaning weight, or sow feed intake. However, n-3 sows had a larger subsequent litter size (10.7 ± 0.3 vs. 9.7 ± 0.3 total born; 10.2 ± 0.3 vs. 9.3 ± 0.3 born live; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that feeding sows a diet containing n-3 PUFA from fish oil fed before farrowing and during lactation increased litter size in the subsequent parity independent of energy intake.

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“…However, there seems to be a similarity with the effects of a low-protein diet that also causes decreased birth weight and altered body mass (BM) development of the offspring during lactation (Fagundes et al, 2007;Desai et al, 1996and 1997. Excess of nutrients can lead to altered milk volume (King et al, 1993;Del Prado et al, 1997), lactose (Pine et al, 1994) as well as milk fat concentrations (Aoki et al, 1999;Tilton et al, 1999) subsequent to changes in mammary gland (MG) structure and gene expression (Flint et al, 2005;Rudolph et al, 2007). To our knowledge, the effects of a high dietary protein intake during gestation and lactation on murine MG histology and mRNA abundance have not been determined before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-protein diet during gestation and lactation affects mammary gland mRNA abundance, milk composition and pre-weaning litter growth in mice

Kucia

Langhammer

Görs

et al. 2011

Animal

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We evaluated the effect of a high-protein diet (HP) on pregnancy, lactational and rearing success in mice. At the time of mating, females were randomly assigned to isoenergetic diets with HP (40% w/w) or control protein levels (C; 20%). After parturition, half of the dams were fed the other diet throughout lactation resulting in four dietary groups: CC (C diet during gestation and lactation), CHP (C diet during gestation and HP diet during lactation), HPC (HP diet during gestation and C diet during lactation) and HPHP (HP diet during gestation and lactation). Maternal and offspring body mass was monitored. Measurements of maternal mammary gland (MG), kidney and abdominal fat pad masses, MG histology and MG mRNA abundance, as well as milk composition were taken at selected time points. HP diet decreased abdominal fat and increased kidney mass of lactating dams. Litter mass at birth was lower in HP than in C dams (14.8 v. 16.8 g). Dams fed an HP diet during lactation showed 5% less food intake (10.4 v. 10.9 g/day) and lower body and MG mass. On day 14 of lactation, the proportion of MG parenchyma was lower in dams fed an HP diet during gestation as compared to dams fed a C diet (64.8% v. 75.8%). Abundance of MG a-lactalbumin, b-casein, whey acidic protein, xanthine oxidoreductase mRNA at mid-lactation was decreased in all groups receiving an HP diet either during gestation and/or lactation. Milk lactose content was lower in dams fed an HP diet during lactation compared to dams fed a C diet (1.6% v. 2.0%). On days 14, 18 and 21 of lactation total litter mass was lower in litters of dams fed an HP diet during lactation, and the pups' relative kidney mass was greater than in litters suckled by dams receiving a C diet. These findings indicate that excess protein intake in reproducing mice has adverse effects on offspring early in their postnatal growth as a consequence of impaired lactational function.

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Addition of fat to the diets of lactating sows: I. Effects on milk production and composition and carcass composition of the litter at weaning.

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of dietary energy intake during gestation and lactation on milk yield and composition of first, second and fourth parity sows

Effects of dietary energy intake during gestation and lactation on milk yield and composition of first, second and fourth parity sows

Sow litter size is increased in the subsequent parity when lactating sows are fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids from fish oil1

High-protein diet during gestation and lactation affects mammary gland mRNA abundance, milk composition and pre-weaning litter growth in mice

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