Addition of Exercise Increases Plasma Adiponectin and Release from Adipose Tissue

Abstract

Introduction Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived anti-inflammatory protein that is down-regulated in obesity. The effects of caloric restriction and exercise induced weight loss on adiponectin are not clear. Purpose To determine whether addition of aerobic exercise training to caloric restriction has additive effects over caloric restriction alone on circulating adiponectin concentrations and adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. Methods Overweight or obese (body mass index=25-40 kg/m2, waist>88 cm) postmenopausal women were randomized to 20-week caloric restriction with and without aerobic exercise (CR+EX, n=48 and CR, n=22). Blood samples were collected for measuring plasma adiponectin concentration, and abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were performed in a subgroup to determine in vitro adiponectin release, before and after the interventions. Results The interventions elicited similar amounts of weight loss (CR+EX: -11.3±4.6 kg ; CR:-11.2±3.4 kg) and fat loss (CR+EX: -8.0±3.5 kg; CR:-7.4±2.7 kg). The two groups had differential changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations (p for interaction = 0.014); CR+EX increased (6.9±3.9 to 8.5±4.9 μg/ml, p= 0.0001), while CR did not alter (6.4±4.4 to 6.5±4.5 μg/ml, p=0.42), plasma adiponectin. Likewise, adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue increased with CR+EX (p=0.0076 and 0.089, respectively), but did not change with CR (p=0.13 and 0.95, respectively). Conclusion Despite similar reductions in body weight and fat mass, the addition of aerobic exercise to caloric restriction increased plasma adiponectin concentrations, which may be partly explained by increased adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Exercise Dose Effects on Insulin Resistance Indicators in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Trial

“…The dose-response trend between adiponectin change and "time in zone" (Fig. 1) might reflect visceral fat changes that are only possible with high-intensity exercise, or when weight loss is sufficiently high [39]. The stronger dose effect we observed for leptin in obese women (Table 3) is consistent with this hypothesis since obese women had more fat (and leptin) to lose.…”

“…2016;6(2): [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] high, n = 9 moderate). Moreover, we did not measure peripheral insulin resistance in muscle or fat, which may be relevant to breast cancer etiology.…”

“…Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed specifically to evaluate dose Manuscript accepted for publication April 07, 2016 Exercise and Insulin Resistance Indicators J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;6(2): [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] effects would inform cancer prevention guidelines. Such trials have been conducted and measured insulin resistance indicators [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]; however, they were limited for informing postmenopausal breast cancer prevention because they were small [12][13][14], tested lower-intensity exercise [14,15,19] or shorter durations of exercise that may be suboptimal for cancer prevention [15,16], or they did not focus on postmenopausal women [11,13,17].…”

Nutritional approaches for managing obesity-associated metabolic diseases

“…Further, a combined intervention can reduce cardiovascular risks in obese individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (Dutheil, et al). Several studies report that a combination of exercise and CR exerts more beneficial effects than either physical activity or CR alone (Wang, et al 2015b). Such combination interventions are also useful approaches for preventing the complications of NAFLD, commonly seen in the obese (Nseir, et al 2014).…”

Addressing the problem of obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk in black South African women – time for action!

“…Similarly, the POUNDS Lost trial, which included a sample of overweight or obese adults, found that long-term (2 years) weight-loss dietary interventions varying in macronutrient composition increased levels of circulating adiponectin, and were associated with reductions in central adiposity and improvements in serum concentrations of lipids, independent of weight change [18]. Further, Wang et al [19] showed that the addition of aerobic exercise training to an energy-restricted dietary intervention increased adiponectin concentrations, largely as a result of increased adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Additionally, various dietary interventions, including adopting a Mediterranean diet, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, and even administration of garlic extract, have been shown to increase adiponectin levels [20].…”