Addition of Carbon to the Culture Medium Improves the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin Synthetic Fungi

Suzuki, Tamiko; Iwahashi, Yumiko

doi:10.3390/toxins8110338

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…By contrast, the α-CD-containing PDA showed enhanced light scattering compared with the control PDA. These results were consistent with those from a previous study [14].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

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Metal Ions in Activated Carbon Improve the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi

Suzuki

Toyoda²

2019

Toxins

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Aflatoxins (AF), produced by several Aspergillus species, are visible under ultraviolet light if present in high amounts. AF detection can be improved by adding activated carbon, which enhances the observation efficiency of weakly AF-producing fungi. However, commercial activated carbon products differ in their characteristics, making it necessary to investigate which characteristics affect method reproducibility. Herein, the addition of 10 activated carbon products resulted in different AF production rates in each case. The differences in the production of aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) were roughly correlated to the observation efficiency in the plate culture. Trace element analysis showed that the concentrations of several metal ions differed by factors of >100, and the carbons that most effectively increased AFG1 production contained higher amounts of metal ions. Adding 5 mg L−1 Fe or Mg ions increased AFG1 production even without activated carbon. Furthermore, co-addition of both ions increased AFG1 production stably with the addition of carbon. When varying the concentration of additives, only AFG1 production increased in a concentration-dependent manner, while the production of all the other AFs decreased or remained unchanged. These findings suggest that a key factor influencing AF production is the concentration of several metal ions in activated carbon and that increasing AFG1 production improves AF detectability.

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“…By contrast, the α-CD-containing PDA showed enhanced light scattering compared with the control PDA. These results were consistent with those from a previous study [14].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…A modified CD-addition method, which uses co-treatment with both CD and activated carbon, has been reported to improve the visibility of AF-derived fluorescence [14] (Figure 1). The improved visibility can be attributed to the fact that carbon addition reduces the reflection and scattering of UV light from the surface of the culture plate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Ions in Activated Carbon Improve the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi

Suzuki

Toyoda²

2019

Toxins

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“…Additionally, since light irradiation caused changes in fungal phenotypes regardless of the strain, Aspergillus bombysis MAFF111712 and Aspergillus nomius MAFF111739 were added to this test. The observational test of AF-derived fluorescence was conducted using PDA containing α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and activated carbon to increase the visibility of the fluorescence [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. AF-derived fluorescence was observed from the undersides of the culture plates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Irradiation Wavelength and Intensity Changes Influence Aflatoxin Synthesis in Fungi

Suzuki

2018

Toxins

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Fungi respond to light irradiation by forming conidia and occasionally synthesizing mycotoxins. Several light wavelengths, such as blue and red, affect the latter. However, the relationship between light irradiation and mycotoxin synthesis varies depending on the fungal species or strain. This study focused on aflatoxin (AF), which is a mycotoxin, and the types of light irradiation that increase AF synthesis. Light-irradiation tests using the visible region indicated that blue wavelengths in the lower 500 nm region promoted AF synthesis. In contrast, red wavelengths of 660 nm resulted in limited significant changes compared with dark conditions. Irradiation tests with different intensity levels indicated that a low light intensity increased AF synthesis. For one fungal strain, light irradiation decreased the AF synthesis under all wavelength conditions. However, the decrease was mitigated by 525 nm low intensity irradiation. Thus, blue-green low intensity irradiation may increase AF synthesis in fungi.Keywords: light wavelength; intensity; aflatoxin; mycotoxin Key Contribution:This study represented that differences of light irradiation setting through changes of wavelength and intensity influence aflatoxin synthesis. Blue-green low intensity irradiation was the most effective condition for the aflatoxins synthesis.

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“…Consequently, the nutrient level of YES agar medium is much sufficient for A. terreus than that in MEA. Thus, many researchers stated YES to be the best media for hyphal growth (Maheswari, Singh, & Sahu, 1999;Saha et al, 2008;Suzuki & Iwahashi, 2016;S. Xu, Yuan, & Chen, 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Changes of Conidiogenesis in Two Aspergillus Species

Khalil¹,

Hashem²

2018

J Pure Appl Microbiol

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Identification of aspergilli based on comparative of their diagnostic features in different growth media is a common manner between most of mycologists. Asexual sporulation in Aspergillus species is very complex processes which include numerous morphologically distinct stages. In the present study, asexual reproductive structures of Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus versicolor have been tracked and the development of conidiophores have been compared in two types of growth media MEA (Malt Extract Agar) and YES (Yeast Extract Sucrose) which considered the most common growth media in identification of aspergilli. Interestingly, YES agar medium induce A. terreus to retard the asexual sporulation process in a distinctive manner. Unusually, the early conidiophore of A. terreus distends to form infertile (immature) vesicle which then produces a second conidiophore. The later conidiophore expands to form fertile (mature) vesicle which differentiates into conidial head. The development of one or more conidiophores from the immature vesicles of A. terreus instead the foot cells or areal hyphae remain mostly uncharacterized by many researchers. On the other hand, the asexual sporulation in both Aspergillus species was dramatically decreased on YES agar medium when compared by MEA medium. Moreover, the accessory conidia in A. terreus and reduced Penicillium-like structures that produce another type of phialedic conidia in A. versicolor were mostly not observed on YES agar medium.

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Addition of Carbon to the Culture Medium Improves the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin Synthetic Fungi

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Metal Ions in Activated Carbon Improve the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi

Metal Ions in Activated Carbon Improve the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi

Light-Irradiation Wavelength and Intensity Changes Influence Aflatoxin Synthesis in Fungi

Morphological Changes of Conidiogenesis in Two Aspergillus Species

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