Adding tuples to Java

Abstract

Java classes are very flexible, but this comes at a price. The main cost is that every class instance must be dynamically allocated. Their access by reference introduces pointer dereferences and complicates program analysis. These costs are particularly burdensome for small, ubiquitous data structures such as coordinates and state vectors. For such data structures a lightweight representation is desirable, allowing such data to be handled directly, similar to primitive types. A number of proposals introduce restricted or mutated variants of standard Java classes that could serve as lightweight representation, but the impact of these proposals has never been studied.Since we have implemented a Java compiler with lightweight data structures we are in a good position to do this evaluation. Our lightweight data structures are tuples. As we will show, their use can result in significant performance gains: for a number of existing benchmark programs using tuples we gain more than 50% in performance relative to our own compiler, and more than 20% relative to Sun's Hotspot 1.4 compiler. We expect similar performance gains for other implementations of lightweight data structures.With respect to the expressiveness of Java, lightweight variants of standard Java classes have little impact. In contrast, tuples add a different language construct that, as we will show, can lead to substantially more concise program code.

Genome‐wide association study of grain iron and zinc concentration in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

“…The soil samples were air-dried, pounded and sieved through 2 mm to remove any debris; then it was subjected to physical and chemical analyses following standard methods described by Okalebo et al (2002). Potentiometric method using a glass-calomel combination electrode was used to measure pH of the soil in water suspension in a 1:2.5 (soil: liquid ratio) (van Reeuwijk, 2002). Soil organic matter was obtained by Bouyoucos hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962).…”