Addiction or dependence?

Maddux, James F.; Desmond, David P.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9556611.x

Cited by 50 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

Section: Drug Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the 17th century, addiction has been used to refer to psychoactive substances (e.g. alcohol, tobacco, heroin) which cross the blood-brain barrier, temporarily altering the chemical milieu of the brain [8] .Currently, addiction is identified as continued involvement with a drug, despite the negative consequences associated with it -such as compulsive drug seeking and taking, loss of control over drug-taking, or emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) -when access to the drug is prevented or terminated [9] .Recently, "behavioral addiction" has also been proposed, but is beyond this review and has been described in detail elsewhere [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] .The neuronal basis of addiction has been guided by the premise that the motivation of an addict to take drugs results from the desire to experience the hedonic (i.e., rewarding) effects or from the desire to avoid the anhedonia and aversive consequences of withdrawal [19] . There are mounting studies suggesting that the rewarding properties of addictive drugs depend on their ability to provoke DA release in the brain [20][21][22] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction: a review of positron emission tomography findings

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dopamine (DA) is considered crucial for the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, but its role in addiction remains unclear. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the fi rst technology used for in vivo measurement of components of the dopaminergic system in the human brain. In this article, we review the major fi ndings from PET imaging studies on the involvement of DA in drug addiction, including presynaptic DA synthesis, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, the DA transporter, and postsynaptic DA receptors. These results have corroborated the role of DA in addiction and increased the understanding of its underlying mechanisms.Keywords: dopamine; dopaminergic system; drug addiction; positron emission tomography ·Review· Brain Dopaminergic System Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It has many functions in the brain, including punishment, reward, voluntary movement, mood, attention, motivation, sleep, working memory, and learning [1] .DA is synthesized by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of L-tyrosine in DA neurons and, before being released into the synapse in response to an action potential, it is stored within presynaptic vesicles (Fig. 1). The action of DA occurs by binding to postsynaptic DA receptors, resulting in the formation of second messengers. There are fi ve subtypes of DA receptors, which can be grouped into two classes or families: D1-like and D-2 like [1,2] . The D1-like receptor family comprises the D1 and D5 receptors, encoded by genes with no introns, acting by way of Gs-proteins and activating adenylyl cyclase, thus increasing cAMP production [3,4] .The D2-like receptor family comprises the D2, D3, and D4 receptors, encoded by genes containing introns. D2-like receptors act via Gi-proteins, inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity, and thus decrease cAMP activity [3,5] .The action of DA in the synapse is terminated primarily by reuptake to the presynaptic membrane through the dopamine transporter (DAT) [6] . Otherwise, DA is partially removed by oxidation by monoamine oxidase orcatechol-O-methyltransferase in the synaptic cleft (Fig. 1).T h e d o p a m i n e r g i c n e u r o n s , w h o s e p r i m a r y neurotransmitter is DA, interconnect many areas of the brain to form a system which originates in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and hypothalamus. The dopaminergic system is typically divided into four major pathways: mesocortical (from the VTA to the frontal cortex), mesolimbic (from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens), nigrostriatal (from the SN to the striatum), and tuberoinfundibular (from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland). The mesostriatal and mesocortical pathways are currently recognized to contribute most to drug addiction [7] . Neurosci Bull October 1, 2014, 30(5): 765-776 766 Drug AddictionThe term addiction is derived from the Latin verb addicere, which referred to the Roman court action of binding a person to another. From the 17th century, addiction has been used to refer to psychoactive substances (...

show abstract

Section: Drug Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction: a review of positron emission tomography findings

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The term 'addiction' is not explicitly used in the DSM-IV-TR, although the term is widely used to describe substance use disorders of a chronic and interfering nature (Maddux and Desmond, 2000). Core elements of addiction have been described as including craving, impaired control, compulsive engagement, and continued performance despite adverse consequences (Shaffer, 1999;Holden, 2001).…”

Section: Addiction As a Disease Of Altered Scale-free Structures Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scale-free systems theory of motivation and addiction

Chambers

Bickel

Potenza

2007

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Scale-free organizations, characterized by uneven distributions of linkages between nodal elements, describe the structure and function of many life-based complex systems developing under evolutionary pressures. We explore motivated behavior as a scale-free map toward a comprehensive translational theory of addiction. Motivational and behavioral repertoires are reframed as link and nodal element sets, respectively, comprising a scale-free structure. These sets are generated by semi-independent information-processing streams within cortical-striatal circuits that cooperatively provide decision-making and sequential processing functions necessary for traversing maps of motivational links connecting behavioral nodes. Dopamine modulation of cortical-striatal plasticity serves a central-hierarchical mechanism for survival-adaptive sculpting and development of motivational-behavioral repertoires by guiding a scale-free design. Druginduced dopamine activity promotes drug taking as a highly connected behavioral hub at the expense of natural-adaptive motivational links and behavioral nodes. Conceptualizing addiction as pathological alteration of scale-free motivational-behavioral repertoires unifies neurobiological, neurocomputational and behavioral research while addressing addiction vulnerability in adolescence and psychiatric illness. This model may inform integrative research in defining more effective prevention and treatment strategies for addiction. r

show abstract

“…Il est essentiel de bien distinguer usage de substances (« drug use »), abus de substances (« drug abuse ») et dépendance à une substance, c'est-à-dire addiction [32]. La plupart des utilisateurs de substances addictives ne deviennent pas pour autant abuseurs ou dépendants.…”

Section: Usage Abus Addictionunclassified

Drogues anciennes, drogues nouvelles, pratiques actuelles (1re partie)

Nortier

2007

Psychiatr Sci Hum Neurosci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Addiction or dependence?

Cited by 50 publications

References 3 publications

Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction: a review of positron emission tomography findings

Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction: a review of positron emission tomography findings

A scale-free systems theory of motivation and addiction

Drogues anciennes, drogues nouvelles, pratiques actuelles (1re partie)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About