Addendum: Bian, Z. et al. A Robust Inversion Algorithm for Surface Leaf and Soil Temperatures Using the Vegetation Clumping Index. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 780

Bian, Zunjian; Cao, Baoxiang; Li, Hua; Du, Yang; Song, Lisheng; Fan, Wenjie; Xiao, Qing; Liu, Qinhuo

doi:10.3390/rs9101039

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The geometric-optical model proposed by Li et al [16,17], the four-scale model proposed by Chen et al [18], and the discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) model proposed by Gastellu-Etchegorry et al [19] can all effectively describe the directional reflectance characteristics of targets. The findings of these studies enrich our knowledge of related fields and promote the use of quantitative remote sensing technology [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Analysis of the Bidirectional Characteristic of Radiation of Flat and Rough Water–Air Interfaces Based on the Theory of Radiative Transfer

Yang

Chen

2022

Sustainability

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The Lambertian property of objects is one of the basic hypotheses in remote sensing research. However, the spectral radiance of natural objects is always anisotropic. On the sea surface, a large amount of sea foam is generated at the water–air interface, induced by wind speed and breaking gravity waves. Additionally, the scattering characteristic at the water–air interface significantly influences the accuracy of ocean color remote sensing and its output. The bidirectionality of the water light field is one of the sources of errors in ocean color inversion. Therefore, the knowledge of the bidirectional reflectance distribution of water surfaces is of great significance in quantitative remote sensing or for the evaluation of measurement errors in surface optical parameters. To clarify the bidirectional reflectance distribution, we used the coupled ocean–atmosphere radiative transfer (COART) model to simulate the bidirectional radiance of water bodies and explored the anisotropy of radiance at the water–air interface. The results indicate that the downward and upward irradiance just below the water surface and the water-leaving radiance changed with the sun-viewing geometry. The downward and upward radiance just below the water surface decreased as the zenith angle of the incident light increased. This effect can be mitigated using a function of the viewing angle. Additionally, the viewing azimuth angle and rough sea surface had no significant effect on the downward and upward radiance. The water-leaving radiance had an obvious bidirectional reflectance characteristic. Additionally, a backward hotspot was found in the simulated results. Then, the transmission coefficient was calculated, and the bidirectional distribution characteristic was found for flat and rough sea surfaces. This study can be used as a reference to correct bidirectional errors and to guide the spectral measurements of water and its error control for rough sea surfaces.

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