Added value of three‐/four‐dimensional ultrasound in offline analysis and diagnosis of congenital heart disease

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Accuracy, Agreement, and Reliability of Fetal Cardiac Measurements Using 4-Dimensional Spatiotemporal Image Correlation

“…Spatiotemporal image correlation addresses this limitation because it provides 3 orthogonal planes that can be adjusted for the exact plane needed. Spatiotemporal image correlation has been introduced as a valuable tool for fetal cardiac function assessment, 16,40,41 and the use of STIC in measuring fetal cardiac dimensions has been reported by two different groups. 21,22 However, they were limited in that they did not examine all dimensions of the cardiac and great vessels and did not assess measurements by electronic calipers and ellipses, which is more convenient and time saving compared to M-mode STIC.…”

Ultrasound in maxillofacial imaging: A review

“…[20,21] 3D US is another technical advancement that was proposed and patented first in 1987. [22] It involves the transmission of sound waves at different angles and reconstruction of the returning echoes using the complex software to obtain a 3D volume data. [22] Fourdimensional (4D) US is further modified the version of 3D US, in which the fourth dimension of time is added.…”

“…[22] It involves the transmission of sound waves at different angles and reconstruction of the returning echoes using the complex software to obtain a 3D volume data. [22] Fourdimensional (4D) US is further modified the version of 3D US, in which the fourth dimension of time is added. That is, the images are produced in "real time" thus avoiding the time lag observed with the computer-based reconstructions as is the case with 3D US.…”

“…That is, the images are produced in "real time" thus avoiding the time lag observed with the computer-based reconstructions as is the case with 3D US. [22] 3D/4D US is principally used in obstetrics for fetal anomaly detection, echocardiography for congenital heart defects and neurology to assess the brain development. [22] However, other gynecological and cardiac applications are also receiving the attention of late.…”

Fetal Echocardiography and Prenatal Cardiovascular Interventions – An Update (2012)

“…Although the mainstay of our field applied routinely in practice has been that of high-resolution two-dimensional imaging with harmonic capabilities and Doppler interrogation of blood flow, several newer modalities promise to optimize our investigation of the fetal heart in the future. These include tissue Doppler and speckle tracking applications that define subtle abnormalities of heart rhythm and function [1][2][3][4], and 3 and 4 dimensional imaging which potentially enhances detection and definition of structural cardiac pathology and assists in the evaluation of functional abnormalities [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”