Adaptive wing structures

Reed, John L.; Hemmelgarn, Christopher D.; Pelley, Bryan M.; Havens, Ernie

doi:10.1117/12.599922

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Shape memory foams and shape memory polymers (SMP), which can be ‘programmed’ to have different shapes, were tested by the researchers of the Cornerstone research group for chord‐wise morphing. By heating the SMP above its transition temperature (which can be a glass transition or a melting temperature), it becomes soft and can be deformed by the application of a load. When the polymer is cooled into its new shape and the load is removed, the polymer will remain in this new temporary shape.…”

Section: Review Of Aerodynamic Control Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of morphing concepts and materials for wind turbine blade applications

2012

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With increasing size of wind turbines, new approaches to load control are required to reduce the stresses in blades. Experimental and numerical studies in the fields of helicopter and wind turbine blade research have shown the potential of shape morphing in reducing blade loads. However, because of the large size of modern wind turbine blades, more similarities can be found with wing morphing research than with helicopter blades. Morphing technologies are currently receiving significant interest from the wind turbine community because of their potential high aerodynamic efficiency, simple construction and low weight. However, for actuator forces to be kept low, a compliant structure is needed. This is in apparent contradiction to the requirement for the blade to be load carrying and stiff. This highlights the key challenge for morphing structures in replacing the stiff and strong design of current blades with more compliant structures. Although not comprehensive, this review gives a concise list of the most relevant concepts for morphing structures and materials that achieve compliant shape adaptation for wind turbine blades.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Review Of Aerodynamic Control Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of morphing concepts and materials for wind turbine blade applications

2012

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“…Those characteristics of SMPC skins provide benefits for withstanding aerodynamic forces and restoring their deformed shapes. [16][17][18][19][20] Applications of SMPCs require accurate prediction of their time-and temperature-dependent properties, as well as their shape recovery behaviors. A few studies have analyzed the thermomechanical properties of SMPCs including the hyper-viscoelastic behavior of SMPs and the anisotropic properties of the fabrics used in these composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A three-dimensional constitutive equation for shape memory polymer composites considering energy dissipation under single loading–unloading condition

Kwon,

Kim,

Roh

2023

Journal of Composite Materials

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Shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs), composed of shape memory polymers (SMPs) and fabrics, can recover their deformed shapes to initial configurations by changing temperature. The shape recovery energy of the SMPs and the elastic energy of the fabrics are regarded as key points to predict the restored configuration of the SMPCs. In this research, a three-dimensional constitutive equation for SMPCs is newly developed, considering the energy dissipation of fabrics under a single loading–unloading condition. The constitutive equation is derived from Mooney–Rivlin, viscoelastic, and stored strain energy models for SMPs, as well as polynomial functions for fabrics. The Mooney–Rivlin and viscoelastic models describe the time- and temperature-dependent hyperelastic properties, and the stored strain energy model can explain the shape recovery. The polynomial functions are newly proposed to take into account the dissipated energy of fabrics, such as residual deformation and hysteresis effect. Because the elastic energy of fabrics considerably influences the shape recovery of SMPCs, the proposed constitutive equation can accurately predict the recovered configuration. Analyses of SMPCs are conducted using the finite element method and validated by comparing them with the results obtained from experiments. The constitutive equation is used to analyze the shape recovery behaviors of an SMPC skin. The skin can be largely stretched, and the deformed shape can be restored to its initial shape by applying electricity. The SMPC skin is applied to a morphing flap, and its shape-changing behaviors are demonstrated experimentally.

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“…Thill gave a comprehensive review of flexible skins and corresponding material system [10]. Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) possess the advantages of high elastic deformation, thus they were chosen and investigated as morphing skins: Reed has addressed integration of their shape memory polymer materials into the wing skin to enable seamless morphing [11]. Sun has mixed elastic fibers into pure shape memory polymers to solve the problem that they are brittle in glassy state [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual design and application research of a corrugated flexible skin with high bending stiffness

Lei

et al. 2022

Aeronaut. j.

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In this paper, sliding panels are used to increase the bending stiffness of the classic corrugated flexible skin, and the corresponding application procedure for aircraft structures is developed. After the conceptual design of the corrugated flexible skin with sliding panels is proposed, the analytical models to calculate the equivalent tensile and bending properties are investigated. At the same time, its flexibility in the corrugation direction and the load-bearing capacity (is proportional to the bending stiffness) in the direction perpendicular to corrugation are studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The application procedure is established based on geometric analysis and strain definition, and according to this procedure, the corrugated flexible skin with sliding panels is applied to the drooping leading edge to eliminate the gap on the upper skin. The results show that the corrugated flexible skin with sliding panels has more bending stiffness than the classic corrugated flexible skin in the direction perpendicular to corrugation while maintaining the deform ability in the corrugation direction, and the application procedure is effective and can be applied to other parts of the aircraft structure.

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Adaptive wing structures

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Review of morphing concepts and materials for wind turbine blade applications

Review of morphing concepts and materials for wind turbine blade applications

A three-dimensional constitutive equation for shape memory polymer composites considering energy dissipation under single loading–unloading condition

Conceptual design and application research of a corrugated flexible skin with high bending stiffness

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