Adaptive regulation of digestive serine proteases in the larval midgut of Helicoverpa armigera in response to a plant protease inhibitor

Transcriptional Analysis of The Adaptive Digestive System of The Migratory Locust in Response to Plant Defensive Protease Inhibitors

“…This could be consistent with an exploitation of alternative sources of energy to compensate for a loss in energy normally derived from protein digestion1418. On the other hand, a β-glucosidase (encoded by 3 transcripts), two hexokinases and cellulase were found downregulated under the same conditions.…”

“…Like in other insects, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of this adaptation are however still unknown. Up to now, only few studies have tried to identify broader transcriptional changes associated with this phenomenon81415161718. However, these studies mostly investigated long-term changes after dietary PI uptake and did not focus on the initial driving forces regulating the response.…”

Are feeding preferences and insecticide resistance associated with the size of detoxifying enzyme families in insect herbivores?

“…These hypotheses accord with some broader evolutionary theory, which associates gain or loss of physiological functions with amplification or decay of relevant genes, albeit rival theories posit that changes in gene regulation are more important to such functional evolution [15][16][17].…”

“…Other gene families may be more relevant in some cases, for example the UDPglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and ABC transporters in relation to plant secondary metabolites [45,46] and various digestive hydrolases in relation to their primary metabolites [16,47]. We also acknowledge that simple counts of genes in the various families will mean that members of the families that have nothing to do with detoxification are given equal weighting to specific genes and clades of genes that are likely to be important, such as the CYP6 and CYP4 P450s, the Clade 1 CCEs, and the Delta and Epsilon GSTs [5,13,48].…”

Toxic effects of Ricinus communis non-protein trypsin inhibitor on Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)

“…Trypsin inhibitors are extensively studied in several aspects aiming biochemistry characterization, three dimensional structures, interactions with multiple protease classes and effects on pests and pathogens (Abd El-Latif, 2014; Kuwar et al, 2015;Pontual et al, 2014;Zhu-Salzman and Rensen, 2015). Previous works performed with castor oil leaves suggested that trypsin inhibitor is a nonproteic organic molecule (Rossi et al, 2012) differing from other trypsin inhibitors described in literature.…”