Adaptive radiations in butterflies: evolutionary history of the genus<i>Erebia</i>(Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Peña, Carlos; Witthauer, Heike; Klečková, Irena; Fric, Zdeněk Faltýnek; Wahlberg, Niklas

doi:10.1111/bij.12597

Cited by 54 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(133 reference statements)

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“…Several endemics have also been recorded for butterflies (Rákosy, ), especially in the mountain genera Erebia and Glacies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), which speciated allopatrically in isolated parts of the Carpathians (Schmitt & Varga, ; Panigaj, Šemeláková & Pristaš, ). The Carpathians (with the Alps and the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula) are an important centre of speciation for Erebia in Europe (Peña et al ., ) (Fig. D).…”

Section: The Carpathians As a Biodiversity Hotspotmentioning

confidence: 97%

Biogeography of the Carpathians: evolutionary and spatial facets of biodiversity

Mráz

Ronikier

2016

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

123

105

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The Carpathians are the largest mountain range in Central Europe. Their geographical position, extent, isolation, landscape heterogeneity, well‐preserved environment, and relatively low impact of Quaternary glaciations make them of utmost importance for studies on European biodiversity and biogeography. In this review, introducing a Special Issue of the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, we provide an overview of current research and focus on three main aspects: (1) distribution patterns and species richness including endemism; (2) phylogeographical patterns, inference of major barriers, and divergence areas; and (3) cytological studies and cytogeography inferred from vascular plant polyploid complexes. Our survey shows that, although accurate estimation is not possible for several important taxonomic entities because of unavailable or dispersed data, the Carpathians are a clear hotspot of European diversity for many groups of organisms, such as mammals, breeding birds, amphibians, lichens, and vascular plants. Certain groups, not necessarily those with high species richness, are rich in endemic taxa. This holds mainly for subterranean invertebrates, molluscs, grasshoppers, beetles, spiders, and vascular plants. Distribution patterns of endemic richness vary across taxonomic groups, as well as geographically, reflecting both history and habitat features. In general, the South‐Eastern Carpathians have a significantly higher proportion of endemic taxa than the northerly‐situated Western Carpathians. Molecular clock‐based estimations have provided some insight into the diversification age of the Carpathian biota, including a Tertiary origin for some endemic taxa and lineages, especially those confined to environmentally stable habitats. Distribution patterns, as well as phylogeographical and phylogenetic data, corroborate the persistence of many high‐mountain and forest taxa during the Quaternary climatic oscillations, often in multiple spatially delimited areas isolated by physical barriers. Several studies show that the Carpathian massifs played an important role as refugia for rare lineages and/or as stepping stones in migrations. Phylogeographical analysis reveals clear patterns of biogeographical breaks, as well as links, although clear exceptions also confirm that extant distribution patterns are often shaped more by idiosyncratic processes acting at different geological times. Cytogeographical data also uncover several consistent patterns, which probably reflect a deeper evolutionary history. In conclusion, the available data highlight the unique position of the Carpathians in the evolution and preservation of European biota within the European Alpine System.

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Section: The Carpathians As a Biodiversity Hotspotmentioning

confidence: 97%

Biogeography of the Carpathians: evolutionary and spatial facets of biodiversity

Mráz

Ronikier

2016

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

123

105

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“…European butterflies are well-studied, ranging from population level analyses 36 to large-scale impacts of global change 37 , with good knowledge on species traits and environmental niche characteristics 38,39 , population trends 40,41 and large-scale distributions 42,43 and are thus well placed for studies in the emerging field of ecophylogenetics 1 .Compared to other groups of insects, the phylogenetic relationships of butterflies are reasonably well-known, with robust backbone molecular phylogenies at the subfamily 44-46 and genus-level 47 . In addition, molecular phylogenies also exist for most butterfly families 48-58 as well as major subgroups [59][60][61][62][63][64][65] and comprehensive COI data on species level are available from DNA barcoding studies [66][67][68][69][70][71] . Some ecological studies on butterflies have already incorporated phylogenetic information, e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies

Wiemers

Chazot

Wheat

et al. 2019

Preprint

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With the aim of supporting ecological analyses in butterflies, the third most species-rich superfamily of Lepidoptera, this paper presents the first time-calibrated phylogeny of all 496 extant butterfly species in Europe, including 18 very localized endemics for which no public DNA sequences had been available previously. It is based on a concatenated alignment of the mitochondrial gene COI and up to 11 nuclear gene fragments, using Bayesian inference of phylogeny. To avoid analytical biases that could result from our region-focus sampling, our European tree was grafted upon a global genuslevel backbone butterfly phylogeny for analyses. In addition to a consensus tree, we provide the posterior distribution of trees and the fully-concatenated alignment for future analyses.The incorporation of phylogenetic information in ecological theory and research has led to significant advancements by facilitating the connection of large-scale and long-term macro-evolutionary processes with ecological processes in the analysis of species interactions with their abiotic and biotic environments 1,2 . Phylogenies are increasingly used across diverse areas of macroecological research 3 , such as studies on large-scale diversity patterns 4 , disentangling historical and contemporary processes 5 , latitudinal diversity gradients 6 or improving species area relationships 7 . Phylogenetic information has also improved studies on assembly rules of local communities 8-10 , including spatiotemporal community dynamics 11 and multi-spatial and -temporal contextdependencies 12 . Additionally, phylogenetic information has provided insights into the mechanisms and consequences of biological invasions [13][14][15][16] . They also contribute to assessments of ecosystem functioning and service provisioning 17,18 , though phylogenetic relationships cannot simply be taken as a one-to-one proxy for ecosystem functioning 19,20 . However, they are of great value for studies of species traits and niche characteristics by quantifying the amount of phylogenetic conservatism 21 and ensuring statistical independence 22 in multi-species studies. Using an ever increasing toolkit of phylogenetic metrics 23,24 , and a growing body of phylogenetic insights, the afore mentioned advances across diverse research fields document how integrating evolutionary and ecological information can enhance assessments of future impacts of global change on biodiversity [25][26][27] and consequently inform conservation efforts (but see also 20,28 ).Although the amount of molecular data has increased exponentially during the last decades, most available phylogenetic studies are either restricted to a selected subset of species, higher taxa, or to small geographic areas. Complete and dated species-level phylogenetic hypotheses for species-rich taxa of larger regions are usually restricted to vascular plants 29 or vertebrates, such as global birds 30 or European tetrapods 31 , or the analyses are based on molecular data from a small subset of species (e.g. 5% in ants 6 ). Surpr...

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“…BAMM is intended to detect significant shifts in diversification rates across a phylogeny, and provide estimated rates of speciation, extinction, and diversification for each branch, using reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. BAMM has since become widely used in empirical studies (e.g., Espeland et al 2015;Peña et al 2015;Schilling et al 2015;Spriggs et al 2015;Blair and Sanchez-Ramirez 2016;Davis et al 2016;Huang 2016;Larson-Johnson 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts

Meyer

Wiens

2017

Evolution

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Here, we use simulations to compare their performance. We found that BAMM yielded relatively weak relationships between true and estimated diversification rates. This occurred because BAMM underestimated the number of rates shifts across each tree, and assigned high rates to small clades with low rates. Errors in both speciation and extinction rates contributed to these errors, showing that using BAMM to estimate only speciation rates is also problematic. In contrast, the MS estimators (particularly using stem group ages), yielded stronger relationships between true and estimated diversification rates, by roughly twofold. Furthermore, the MS approach remained relatively accurate when diversification rates were heterogeneous within clades, despite the widespread assumption that it requires constant rates within clades. Overall, we caution that BAMM may be problematic for estimating diversification rates and rate shifts.

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Adaptive radiations in butterflies: evolutionary history of the genusErebia(Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Cited by 54 publications

References 81 publications

Biogeography of the Carpathians: evolutionary and spatial facets of biodiversity

Biogeography of the Carpathians: evolutionary and spatial facets of biodiversity

A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies

Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts

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