Adaptive radiation in African weakly electric fish (Teleostei: Mormyridae:<i>Campylomormyrus</i>): a combined molecular and morphological approach

Feulner, Philine G. D.; Kirschbaum, Frank; Mamonékéné, Victor; Ketmaier, Valerio; Tiedemann, Ralph

doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01181.x

Cited by 82 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Even though the experimental subjects of Kramer & Kuhn (1994) were of the same genus, their morphology and big maximum species size difference (1:2) suggests they are not very closely related, and this is confirmed by Feulner et al (2006). The most relevant social behaviour with respect to species differentiation is reproduction which has been studied in P. adspersus, Marcuse- nius macrolepidotus (South African form), and the two dwarf stonebashers, P. castelnaui and P. marianne (present paper).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Electric communication during courtship and spawning in two sibling species of dwarf stonebasher from southern Africa, Pollimyrus castelnaui and P. marianne (Mormyridae, Teleostei): evidence for a non species-specific communication code?

Baier¹,

Krämer²

2007

Behav

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SummaryThe fixed part of the electrocommunication signal, the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform, is well differentiated in the two vicariant dwarf stonebasher species, Pollimyrus castelnaui and P. marianne. However, differentiation regarding the variable, situation-dependent part, i.e., inter-discharge interval (IDI) patterns, has never been studied in a pair of sibling species of mormyrid fish. We here compare the electrical signalling that accompanies different motor behaviours (such as resting and swimming, territorial agonistic interactions, courtship and spawning) in the two species. Double pulse patterns of regularly alternating short IDIs of 8-11 ms and long ones of 16-100 ms accompanied threat displays in both species. In three pairs of P. marianne and five pairs of P. castelnaui, courtship was characterised by nest building, territory patrolling and acoustic displays (advertisment calls) that were accompanied by long discharge breaks in the male and highly regular IDIs around 50 ms in the female of both species. Nest-tending males showed IDI sequences consisting of regularly alternating double pulse patterns, similar to threat displays. During spawning both sexes generated stereotyped IDI sequences of a low discharge rate. All IDI patterns occurring in one species were also found in the other, and no species-specifity was identified at that level. Playback experiments contrasting conspecific and heterospecific IDI sequences (that had been recorded from nocturnally swimming fish) revealed preferences in none of the six experimental subjects. Double pulse patterns, high discharge rate displays (HD) and regularisations of the IDI sequence accompanying specific behaviours occurred in similar form in Baier & Kramer both dwarf stonebasher species of the present study. Therefore, we conclude that in the speciation of P. castelnaui and P. marianne the fixed part of the EOD, its waveform, was under more differential selection pressure than its variable part, the patterns of IDI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Electric communication during courtship and spawning in two sibling species of dwarf stonebasher from southern Africa, Pollimyrus castelnaui and P. marianne (Mormyridae, Teleostei): evidence for a non species-specific communication code?

Baier¹,

Krämer²

2007

Behav

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“…The roots, vegetation, and detritus in which clade-A species form territories result in reduced ambient light and numerous visual obstacles, which may be related to greater reliance on the electrosense during social behavior. Microhabitat partitioning has likely played an important role in a rapid radiation within the clade-A genus Campylomormyrus (Feulner et al, 2007(Feulner et al, , 2008. The apparent difference in habitat preference between petrocephalines and clade-A species raises the possibility that spatial niche differentiation may also have been a factor in the early diversification of mormyrid lineages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in electrosensory anatomy and social behavior in an area of sympatry between two species of mormyrid electric fishes

Carlson

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Sensory systems play a key role in social behavior by mediating the detection and analysis of communication signals. In mormyrid fishes, electric signals are processed within a dedicated sensory pathway, providing a unique opportunity to relate sensory biology to social behavior. Evolutionary changes within this pathway led to new perceptual abilities that have been linked to increased rates of signal evolution and species diversification in a lineage called 'clade A'. Previous field observations suggest that clade-A species tend to be solitary and territorial, whereas non-clade-A species tend to be clustered in high densities suggestive of schooling or shoaling. To explore behavioral differences between species in these lineages in greater detail, I studied population densities, social interactions, and electric signaling in two mormyrid species, Gnathonemus victoriae (clade A) and Petrocephalus degeni (non-clade A), from Lwamunda Swamp, Uganda. Petrocephalus degeni was found at higher population densities, but intraspecific diversity in electric signal waveform was greater in G. victoriae. In the laboratory, G. victoriae exhibited strong shelter-seeking behavior and competition for shelter, whereas P. degeni were more likely to abandon shelter in the presence of conspecifics as well as electric mimics of signaling conspecifics. In other words, P. degeni exhibited social affiliation whereas G. victoriae exhibited social competition. Further, P. degeni showed correlated electric signaling behavior whereas G. victoriae showed anti-correlated signaling behavior. These findings extend previous reports of social spacing, territoriality, and habitat preference among mormyrid species, suggesting that evolutionary divergence in electrosensory processing relates to differences in social behavior.

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“…However, the strength of phylogenetic signal at the species level was less balanced, with cytochrome b, a gene often used in population genetic studies in fishes (Carmona et al, 2000;Feulner et al, 2007), providing half of the sites informative for parsimony within the 24 Scarus taxa. At the species level, the "standard" phylogenetic markers (12s, 16s, tmo4c4, and rag2) and regulatory gene fragments (bmp4, dlx2, and otx1), showed similar resolving power and similar phylogenetic structure (Fig.…”

Section: Evolutionary Trends In Mitochondrial Nuclear and Nuclear Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of regulatory gene sequences in the parrotfishes

Smith

Fessler

Alfaro

et al. 2008

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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Regulatory genes control the expression of other genes and are key components of developmental processes such as segmentation and embryonic construction of the skull in vertebrates. Here we examine the variability and evolution of three vertebrate regulatory genes, addressing issues of their utility for phylogenetics and comparing the rates of genetic change seen in regulatory loci to the rates seen in other genes in the parrotfishes. The parrotfishes are a diverse group of colorful fishes from coral reefs and seagrasses worldwide and have been placed phylogenetically within the family Labridae. We tested phylogenetic hypotheses among the parrotfishes, with a focus on the genera Chlorurus and Scarus, by analyzing eight gene fragments for 42 parrotfishes and eight outgroup species. We sequenced mitochondrial 12s rRNA (967 bp), 16s rRNA (577 bp), and cytochrome b (477 bp). From the nuclear genome, we sequenced part of the protein-coding genes rag2 (715 bp), tmo4c4 (485 bp), and the developmental regulatory genes otx1 (672 bp), bmp4 (488 bp), and dlx2 (522 bp). Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony analyses on the resulting 4903 bp of DNA sequence produced similar topologies that confirm the monophyly of the scarines and provide a phylogeny at the species level for portions of the genera Scarus and Chlorurus. Four major clades of Scarus were recovered, with three distributed in the Indo-Pacific and one containing Caribbean/Atlantic taxa. Molecular rates suggest a Miocene origin of the parrotfishes (22 mya) and a recent divergence of species within Scarus and Chlorurus, within the past 5 million years. Developmentally important genes made a significant contribution to phylogenetic structure, and rates of genetic evolution were high in bmp4, similar to other coding nuclear genes, but low in otx1 and the dlx2 exons. Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution patterns in developmental regulatory genes support the hypothesis of stabilizing selection during the history of these genes, with several phylogenetic regions of accelerated nonsynonymous change detected in the phylogeny.

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Adaptive radiation in African weakly electric fish (Teleostei: Mormyridae:Campylomormyrus): a combined molecular and morphological approach

Cited by 82 publications

References 69 publications

Electric communication during courtship and spawning in two sibling species of dwarf stonebasher from southern Africa, Pollimyrus castelnaui and P. marianne (Mormyridae, Teleostei): evidence for a non species-specific communication code?

Electric communication during courtship and spawning in two sibling species of dwarf stonebasher from southern Africa, Pollimyrus castelnaui and P. marianne (Mormyridae, Teleostei): evidence for a non species-specific communication code?

Differences in electrosensory anatomy and social behavior in an area of sympatry between two species of mormyrid electric fishes

Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of regulatory gene sequences in the parrotfishes

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