“…In a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor, we extract the parameters related to speed and position from the stator voltage and current, which are easy to measure at the stator edge, to replace the mechanical sensor, and to realize the motor closed-loop control (Xiong et al, 2016a;Xiong et al, 2016b;Yi et al, 2020). At present, the sensorless control technology of a permanent magnet synchronous motor is mainly divided into three categories: high-frequency signal injection method (Li and Wang, 2018;Xiong et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2021), motor model method (Chen and Pi, 2016;Zhong and Lin, 2017;Luo et al, 2019;Sun et al, 2019;He et al, 2020;Rongyn et al, 2020), and intelligent algorithm (Urbanski and Janiszewski, 2019;Lu et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2020). Since high-frequency signal injection methods may affect the current signal and many artificial intelligence methods are still in the stage of simulation and theoretical exploration, motor model-based methods are widely used and they have received considerable research attention in the past few years.…”