Summary. The problem of coordinated control of a leader-follower system is solved using a virtual vehicle approach to alleviate information requirements on the leader. The virtual vehicle stabilizes to a shifted reference position/heading defined by the leader, and provides a reference velocity for the synchronization control law of the follower. Only position/heading measurements are available from the leader, and the closed-loop errors are shown to be uniformly globally practically asymptotically stable.
IntroductionUnderwayr eplenishment at sear equiresaclose coordination of twov essels, and hasu pt on ow been conducted usingm anualc ontrol together with controlfl ags to exchange instructions between the vessels. Recenta dvances in controlt heory and measurements ystems, in particulart he introductiono ft he Global Positioning System (GPS)([1]) andt he Automatic Identification System (AIS)([2]), have allowed automaticcontrol approaches forreplenishment purposes. Theseautopilots arefaced with theg oal of suppressing effects of externaldisturbancesd ue to wind,w aves and currents, while achieving theaccuracydemandsofthe operationusing areduced set of measurements. The introductionofautopilots expand therange of operating conditions fors afer eplenishment in termso fi ncreasedm anoeuvrabilityi nc lose waters or in the proximityo fo ther vessels, andi nt he robustnesst owardse nvironmental disturbances.Controla pproaches used in [3]a nd [4]a re basedo nt he assumption that ac ompletem athematical model of both vessels is available,a nd thus autopilots forb oth vessels canbed esigned to suppresst he effects of externald isturbances. However, in ap racticall eader-followerr eplenishmento peration,t he followerm ay have limited access to informationofthe controlinput, modeland states of theleader. Therefore, to alleviatet he information requirements on thel eader vessel,