“…In this work, we applied one exemplar-based speaker independent acoustic-to-articulatory inversion methods based on Ghosh and Narayanan (2011) and one deep neural network (DNN) based approach based on Uria et al (2011) to generate the estimated articulatory signals. It is worth noting that other types of acoustic-to-articulatory mapping, such as CCA (Bharadwaj et al, 2012; Arora and Livescu, 2013), Kernel CCA (Rudzicz, 2010; Arora and Livescu, 2013), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) (Ghosh and Narayanan, 2013; Ozbek et al, 2011; Özbek et al, 2012), attributes classification (Leung et al, 2004; Zhang et al, 2007; Siniscalchi et al, 2013, 2012) and articulatory phonological code (Zhuang et al, 2009), etc., could also be applied here. The reason to choose the exemplar-based speaker independent acoustic-to-articulatory inversion methods is that we can directly compare the performance against the real articulatory trajectories measurement to find out the gap which shows the potential for better speaker aware inversion techniques.…”