“…Researchers also investigated the use of images and videos for earthwork volume takeoff (Siebert and Teizer, ) and productivity analysis (Bugler et al, ; Rezazadeh Azar et al, ). Such information provides valuable inputs for adaptive earthmoving operations simulation (Montaser et al, ), earthwork allocation optimization (Easa, ; Hare et al, ; Ji et al, ), and highway design optimization (Vázquez‐Méndez et al, ; Jong et al., ). However, the majority of simulation models generally assumes a predefined project execution plan; thus simplifying the simulation to a cycle between a loading area and a dumping pit (Shi and AbouRizk, ; Li et al., ).…”