With the invention of the laser, the chemists' dream to investigate, initiate and control chemical reactions on the molecular scale seemed to come within grasp. However, the true beginnings of the realization of this dream had to wait until the time when the boundaries on the duration of laser pulses were pushed into the picosecond to femtosecond regime, the natural timescale of nuclear motions, i.e., vibrations and rotations in molecules. While such light sources allowed, for the first time, the direct observation of molecular dynamics, the breakthrough for the control of physical or chemical processes on the atomic or molecular scale came with the advent of pulse shaping techniques that made it possible to modify these ultrashort pulses, and hence to adapt them to the involved dynamics.