Adaptive contact probing mechanisms for delay tolerant applications

Abstract

In many delay tolerant applications, information is opportunistically exchanged between mobile devices who encounter each other. In order to effect such information exchange, mobile devices must have knowledge of other devices in their vicinity. We consider scenarios in which there is no infrastructure and devices must probe their environment to discover other devices. This can be an extremely energy consuming process and highlights the need for energy conscious contact probing mechanisms. If devices probe very infrequently, they might miss many of their contacts. On the other hand, frequent contact probing might be energy inefficient. In this paper, we investigate the trade-off between the probability of missing a contact and the contact probing frequency. First, via theoretical analysis, we characterize the trade-off between the probability of a missed contact and the contact probing interval for stationary processes. Next, for time varying contact arrival rates, we provide an optimization framework to compute the optimal contact probing interval as a function of the arrival rate. We characterize real world contact patterns via Bluetooth phone contact logging experiments and show that the contact arrival process is self-similar. We design STAR, a contact probing algorithm which adapts to the contact arrival process. Via trace driven simulations on our experimental data, we show that STAR consumes three times less energy when compared to a constant contact probing interval scheme.

Mobile Data Offloading through Opportunistic Communications and Social Participation

“…Sticking with one technology may not be the best solution and thus we plan to combine them to make the whole procedure more effective, that is, using Bluetooth for device and service discovery and WiFi for content transfer. Another possible extension is to adaptively adjust the inquiry interval according to human mobility patterns and develop energy conscious device discovery protocols [16], [45]. If mobile phones send out inquiry messages infrequently, the device discovery probability may be very low.…”

Distributed estimation of global parameters in delay-tolerant networks

“…As concerns real world traces, we utilized the Haggle traces [2] [2004][2005], involving approximately 100 faculty members and students at MIT; the NUS [18] dataset, which contains Bluetooth contact traces collected in Singapore (2005)(2006), and the Create-Net (CN trace, obtained by monitoring 21 employee for a 4-week period. Additional details can be found in [8].…”

Exploiting Rush Hours for Energy-Efficient Contact Probing in Opportunistic Data Collection

“…Adaptive contact probing has been studied in Bluetoothbased opportunistic applications [19] and other delay-tolerant applications [20] [21]. Through tuning the probing frequency, these proposals try to achieve better tradeoff between the probability of missing a contact and the energy consumed by contact probing.…”