Adaptive 3D Reversible Data Hiding Technique Based on the Cumulative Peak Bins in the Histogram of Directional Prediction Error

Abstract

Reversible data hiding (RDH) is crucial in modern data security, ensuring confidentiality and tamper-proofness in various industries like copyright protection, medical imaging, and digital forensics. As technology advances, RDH techniques become essential, but the trade-off between embedding capacity and visual quality must be heeded. In this paper, the relative correlation between the pixel’s local complexity and its directional prediction error is employed to enhance an efficient RDH without using a location map. An embedding process based on multiple cumulative peak region localization (MCPRL) is proposed to hide information in the 3D-directional prediction error histogram with a lower local complexity value and avoid the underflow/overflow problems. The carrier image is divided into three color channels, and then each channel is split into two non-overlapping sets: blank and shadow. Two half-directional prediction errors (the blank set and the shadow set) are constructed to generate a full-directional prediction error for each color channel belonging to the host image. The local complexity value and directional prediction error are critical metrics in the proposed embedding process to improve security and robustness. By utilizing these metrics to construct a 3D stego-Blank Set, the 3D stego-shadow Set will be subsequently constructed using the 3D blank set. The proposed technique outperforms other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of embedding capacity, image quality, and robustness against attacks without an extra location map. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for various 3D RDH techniques.

Secure map-based crypto-stego technique based on mac address

“…Researchers in the literature have proposed various steganography techniques, including cryptographic-based, perception-based, least significant bit LSB-based, histogram-based, and feature extraction-based [1]- [3], [11], [12]. Each technique has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of technique depends on the specific application requirements and constraints.…”

“…However, the openness of the internet and communication networks requires robust techniques to protect the transferred digital information from intrusion or destruction, copying or modification, and assurance that the data are protected from intruders and hackers and are correctly delivered to recipients. Individuals try to keep their messages safe by using more advanced steganography techniques than traditional cryptographic methods or by combining traditional cryptographic methods with steganography techniques [1]- [3]. Steganography makes use of the hidden message's appearance to enhance the performance of the communication channel, which allows important digital information to be hidden within a spoof carrier image in such a way that the modifications are imperceptible to some degree.…”