Adapting to Peri-urban Water Insecurity Induced by Urbanization and Climate Change

Shrestha, Anushiya; Sada, Rajesh; Melsen, Lieke

doi:10.3126/hn.v14i0.11259

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Urban water needs, demand for products from the peri-urban, and practices of waste disposal are deeply influencing water security. These processes are further compounded by the impacts of a changing climate on precipitation, temperature, and water availability (Shrestha et al 2014, Sada et al 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Shrestha¹,

Roth²,

Joshi³

2018

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Urbanization and the changing climate are increasingly influencing people's access to land and water. Changes in use of, and rights and access to, land and water are most acutely experienced in peri-urban areas. We analyze these changes in peri-urban Kathmandu, Nepal. Increasing pressures on land and growing water needs of an expanding population in Kathmandu Valley are creating new patterns of water use, water-related conflicts, and (in)securities. We use two case studies that are characteristic of these changes, with a focus on the microlevel redefinitions of, and struggles about, rights, access, and notions of legitimate water use, and what these mean for water security and water conflict in a socially and institutionally complex and dynamic environment. Our findings show that these water-related changes cause contestations and conflicts between peri-urban water users. Amid increasing competition for water, people are using new sources and technologies, searching for negotiated solutions based on local norms and rights, and co-opting other water users through cooperation to create access opportunities and avoid conflicts. Our cases show self-restraint in practices of claiming or accessing water, while avoidance of conflicts also derives from an awareness of unequal power relations between user groups, past experiences of violence used against protesters, and lack of active intervention to regulate increasing exploitation of peri-urban land and water resources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Shrestha¹,

Roth²,

Joshi³

2018

E&S

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“…The outskirts of the city areas of the Kathmandu Valley were considered as the peri-urban areas in this study. Dhadikot, Jhaukhel and Ekantkuna were selected based on population growth, land use change and water availability information (CBS 2012;Shrestha et al 2014Shrestha et al , 2018aShrestha et al , 2018bSada et al 2016;Shrestha et al 2017). Dhadhikot of Suryabinayak municipality and Jhaukhel of Changhunarayan municipality of Bhaktapur district lie on the outskirts of Bhaktpur sub-metropolitan city and Ekantakuna lies on the outskirts of Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city.…”

Section: Methodology Description Of Study Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water availability is different given whether the locality of a school is in an urban or peri-urban or rural setting. The unplanned expansion of the urban core puts immense pressure on water sources of the peri-urban landscape resulting in water scarcity (Shrestha et al 2014). In addition, the peri-urban areas are poorly integrated into the city in terms of social and institutional issues and infrastructures and, hence, poor WASH facilities unsuitable for comfortable MM dominates in schools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation of menstrual management facilities in schools of peri-urban areas of Nepal: WASH, privacy, and healthcare

Shrestha

Shrestha²,

Ito

et al. 2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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Menstrual management (MM) facilities in schools are neglected in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the existing MM facilities, identified the deficient, and collected students' ideas in peri-urban schools of Nepal. The schools had basic MM facilities including water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructures, gender-segregated toilet facilities with taps, dustbins and running water, provision of emergency sanitary pads, etc. Out of 71 students who reported soiling of dresses with menstrual blood as a common problem, 27% went home and did not return in such situation instead of washing off at school. Forty-six per cent of students used washable absorbents, but washing and drying facilities were lacking, and students adapted by using disposable pads at school and washable at home. Out of 126 students, 106 took days off during menstruation in the past three months with an average of 2.6 days by one student. Sixty-one per cent gave the reason as pain and 39% tiredness for taking days off. Healthcare facilities were lacking in schools, hence, lack of these facilities in schools might be contributing to absenteeism. The traditionally advocated list of MM facilities for schools, largely involving WASH facilities, should be updated, including newly identified factors which were also suggested by students.

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“…As discussed, urbanization in Kathmandu proper has been a major driver in changing the use of, and rights and access to, land and water. Studies have noted that the changing climate, with its impacts on precipitation, temperature, and water availability, further exacerbates these processes (Sada et al, 2016;Shrestha et al, 2014). 106 Given the inequalities in socioenvironmental benefits and burdens from uncontrolled exploitation of water and related resources, water-related conflicts are likely to increase as well.…”

Section: Main Findings and Insightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urban water needs, demand for products from the peri-urban, and practices of waste disposal are deeply influencing water security. These processes are further compounded by the impacts of a changing climate on precipitation, temperature and water availability (Shrestha et al, 2014;Sada et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanizing flows : growing water insecurity in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Shrestha

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The codified and written law applicable to the whole kingdom of Nepal Nani :Term that refers to a younger sister Pani nacalne choi chito halnu parne : Untouchable castes Pani nachalne : Those with whom higher castes were not to share water (to drink or use water offered or touched by them Pani nachalne choi chito halnu naparne : Impure but touchable castes Raikar : It denoted the crown-land or state land until 1950. Since then raikar land denotes an individual's private land. Rajkulos : Royal canals Ropani : Unit of land measurement (1 hectare=19.65 ropani) Samasya : Problems xi Sarkis : Cobblers caste groups Sim : Groundwater spring Tagadhari : Castes wearing of sacred thread Tole : A small settlement within a hamlet Varna :The basic stratification of the caste system, which divides society into four layers: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras.xii Chapter 1 The water has goneFarmers, both men and women, were busy, trying to drain water out of their paddy fields, water logged after an overnight rain. The paddy was not yet ready for harvesting and farmers were worried because the water could damage their crop and reduce the yield. During an interview, it became clear that in the past these fields had been irrigated from a stream-fed canal irrigation system. Over the years, these fields turned into rain-fed fields, making cultivation more difficult for the farmers:Farmer 1 (man): "until the monsoon begins, there is very little water in the stream" [that feeds this canal].Farmer 2 (woman): "nowadays no one needs an irrigation canal; people only need roads. All these fields are going to be covered by houses".Farmer 3 (man): "these new houses and roads often encroach on the canal. It has already been encroached on at many sections".Farmer 2 (woman): "I thought you had also come to see the land to buy it".

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Adapting to Peri-urban Water Insecurity Induced by Urbanization and Climate Change

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Situation of menstrual management facilities in schools of peri-urban areas of Nepal: WASH, privacy, and healthcare

Urbanizing flows : growing water insecurity in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

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