Adapting the concepts of nonaqueous sol–gel chemistry to metals: synthesis and formation mechanism of palladium and palladium–copper nanoparticles in benzyl alcohol

Staniuk, Malwina; Rechberger, Felix; Tervoort, Elena; Niederberger, Markus

doi:10.1007/s10971-020-05278-z

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Synthesis of the Pd Nanoparticle Dispersion: The Pd nanoparticles were synthesized according to the route reported by Staniuk et al [51] Pd(ac) 2 (32 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dispersed in 4 mL of anhydrous BnOH inside a glove box under Ar atmosphere. The sealed glass vessel was transferred onto a stirring plate outside the glove box and the mixture was stirred for 18 h at room temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Scaffolds for Monolithic Aerogel Photocatalysts with Complex Geometries

Schreck

Kleger

Matter

et al. 2021

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clean and renewable energy carrier, produced from sustainable and abundant energy sources, is a promising solution. [2] The combustion of hydrogen does not release any greenhouse gases into our atmosphere. [3] With focus on the photocatalytic production of hydrogen, the challenge is to find the right materials, synthesize them with the appropriate morphology and process them into a form that enables efficient photocatalysis. From a materials point of view, most of the research is dedicated to heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconducting photo catalysts. [4] Kudo and Miseki compiled a large collection of different photocatalyst materials ranging from various metal oxides to metal (oxy)sulfides and metal (oxy)nitrides. [5] In spite of this immense compositional diversity, the largely available, cheap, stable, and nontoxic titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is still one of the most studied photocatalysts, regardless of its activity being limited to ultraviolet (UV) light illumination and its unfavorable fast electron hole recombination. [6] In addition to the materials selection, the morphology of the photocatalyst also plays an important role, because a large surface area, which exposes many adsorption sites to the environment, is crucial. [3] Nanostructures with particle-, [7][8][9] rod-, [10][11][12] tube-, [13][14][15] or sheet-like [16][17][18] morphology provide a large surface-to-volume ratio and thus have been found to be ideal structures for photocatalysis. However, most nanoparticles are used in powder form, which has the disadvantage that such photocatalytic nanostructures tend to agglomerate and that extraction of the photocatalyst from the reaction medium for recycling is challenging. [19] Consequently, processing of the nanoparticles into thin films [20,21] or their immobilization on 3D, photocatalytically nonactive templates such as foams, [22] sponges, [23] mesoporous silica, [24,25] electrospun nanofibers [26][27][28] or hydroxyapatite [29] has been pursued. [3] However, a significant reduction in surface area and number of adsorption sites, both of which are detrimental to photocatalytic activity, is inevitable. [19] A solution to this problem is the fabrication of templatefree, macroscopic, 3D structures entirely made of the photocatalytic material. Examples along these lines include 3D porous g-C 3 N 4 , [30] mesoporous TiO 2 foams, [31] graphene oxide (GO) sponges, [32] porous g-C 3 N 4 monoliths, [33] MoS 2 /rGO aerogels, [34] CN aerogels, [35] or Au-Pt-TiO 2 aerogels. [36] Unfortunately, the Monolithic aerogels composed of crystalline nanoparticles enable photocatalysis in three dimensions, but they suffer from low mechanical stability and it is difficult to produce them with complex geometries. Here, an approach to control the geometry of the photocatalysts to optimize their photocatalytic performance by introducing carefully designed 3D printed polymeric scaffolds into the aerogel monoliths is reported. This allows to systematically study and improve fundamental parameters in gas phase photocata...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Scaffolds for Monolithic Aerogel Photocatalysts with Complex Geometries

Schreck

Kleger

Matter

et al. 2021

Small

Self Cite

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of the TiO 2 dispersion was 120 mg/mL. For the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles, palladium (II) acetate (32 mg) in benzyl alcohol (4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. 30 The synthesized Pd nanoparticles were washed with ethanol three times. After the last centrifugation step, 7.5 mL of ethanol was added to the wet precipitate to get the Pd nanoparticle dispersion.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-Phase Nitrogen Doping of Monolithic TiO₂ Nanoparticle-Based Aerogels for Efficient Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic H₂ Production

Kwon

Choi

Schreck

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The development of visible light-active photocatalysts is essential for increasing the conversion efficiency of solar energy into hydrogen (H2). Here, we present a facile method for nitrogen doping of monolithic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-based aerogels to activate them for visible light. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at low temperature enables efficient incorporation of nitrogen into preformed TiO2 aerogels without compromising their advantageous intrinsic characteristics such as large surface area, extensive porosity, and nanoscale properties of the semiconducting building blocks. By balancing the dopant concentration and the defects, the nitridation improves optical absorption and charge separation efficiency. The nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticle-based aerogels loaded with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles show a significant enhancement in visible light-driven photocatalytic H2 production (3.1 mmol h–1 g–1) with excellent stability over 5 days. With this method, we introduce a powerful tool to tune the properties of nanoparticle-based aerogels after synthesis for a specific application, as exemplified by visible light-driven H2 production.

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Optical spectroscopy methods for the characterization of sol–gel materials

Marques

Rojas-Hernández

Almeida

2021

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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Adapting the concepts of nonaqueous sol–gel chemistry to metals: synthesis and formation mechanism of palladium and palladium–copper nanoparticles in benzyl alcohol

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

3D Printed Scaffolds for Monolithic Aerogel Photocatalysts with Complex Geometries

3D Printed Scaffolds for Monolithic Aerogel Photocatalysts with Complex Geometries

Gas-Phase Nitrogen Doping of Monolithic TiO₂ Nanoparticle-Based Aerogels for Efficient Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic H₂ Production

Optical spectroscopy methods for the characterization of sol–gel materials

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Adapting the concepts of nonaqueous sol–gel chemistry to metals: synthesis and formation mechanism of palladium and palladium–copper nanoparticles in benzyl alcohol

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

3D Printed Scaffolds for Monolithic Aerogel Photocatalysts with Complex Geometries

3D Printed Scaffolds for Monolithic Aerogel Photocatalysts with Complex Geometries

Gas-Phase Nitrogen Doping of Monolithic TiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Aerogels for Efficient Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic H2 Production

Optical spectroscopy methods for the characterization of sol–gel materials

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Gas-Phase Nitrogen Doping of Monolithic TiO₂ Nanoparticle-Based Aerogels for Efficient Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic H₂ Production