Adapting Glasshouses for Human Use: Environmental Experimentation in Paxton’s Designs for the 1851 Great Exhibition Building and the Crystal Palace, Sydenham

Abstract

When the horticulturist Joseph Paxton first published his proposal to house the 1851 Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations inside a glasshouse of enormous scale at Hyde Park, London, the scheme was praised as a more practical alternative to an earlier idea that had been put forward by the Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition’s own Building Committee. However, the feasibility of Paxton’s idea soon became the subject of concern. The use of glasshouses for the cultivation of plants was well established, but could this type of building now be adapted to the task of accommodating artefacts? Could it also provide visitors to the Exhibition with a comfortable environment? A particular worry was the issue of cooling, given that the Exhibition was to take place in summer. Prospective exhibitors anxiously made reference to the hot and humid conditions inside greenhouses such as the Palm House at Kew Gardens and the Conservatory at Regent’s Park, and they criticized Paxton’s idea as a risky experiment. Paxton did not ignore the challenge. He pointed out that his design incorporated shading devices, provision for evaporative cooling and natural ventilation, all of which were intended to maintain comfortable temperatures on hot days. He argued that his proposals had been informed by his previous experience with conservatory design, claiming that he had validated the effectiveness of his ventilation and cooling strategy through smalls-cale experiments at Chatsworth House. That Paxton’s plans were accepted and realized was largely due to good fortune. His design was considered to be the only one that could be constructed in time for the opening of the exhibition, which had already been advertised internationally. The Executive Committee, however, requested that conditions inside the building be carefully monitored. In effect, the Great Exhibition Building at Hyde Park became a significant early experiment in what would now be termed ‘environmental design’ (Fig. 1).

The House of Commons: a precedent for post-occupancy evaluation

“…It was unusual in terms of the depth and number of investigations, but the practice of empirically evaluating buildings in use was not unique to the House of Commons. In the 19th century, various public buildings had been subject of POEs, including, amongst others, the Crystal Palace (Schoenefeldt, 2011(Schoenefeldt, , 2008, the Natural History Museum (Cook & Hinchcliffe, 1996), the Royal Courts of Justice (The Times, 1887, p. 3) or Smithfield Market (Yu, 2015) and St George's Hall in Liverpool (MacKenzie, 1863). The aim of this paper, however, is not to provide a comprehensive history of early POEs, but to use the House of Commons as a site where historic practices can be studied in depth.…”

The Temporary Houses of Parliament and David Boswell Reid’s Architecture of Experimentation

“…The difficulties have been observed in buildings where bioclimatic strategies were deployed, such as glasshouses, 127 including the Great Exhibition of 1851 building in Hyde Park and, subsequently, the Crystal Palace at Sydenham. 128 The operational procedures are therefore critical to gain a full understanding of the performance of these systems. After the House had been in use for fifteen years, the Speaker of the Commons and the Sergeant-at-Arms, Lord John Russell, reported that the system had been well managed.…”

‘A Laboratory of Heating and Ventilation’: the Johns Hopkins Hospital as experimental architecture, 1870–90

“…Recent work in this area has usefully moved beyond the technological focus of earlier studies, not least by conceptualising the subject in analytical terms as one of experiment in which hypotheses about heating and ventilation were tested in use. 9 In developing these approaches, I also draw on historians' attempts to conceive buildings in terms of discourse by proposing the design -both in evolution and as built -as an example of position-taking. Architecture emerges not as a finished object but rather as something more provisional, namely the exploration of an idea in built form.…”