Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change

Building the resilience of Turkey’s agricultural sector to droughts

“…In addition, farmers themselves also supply water to their farmlands independently either directly from surface water flowing to it, or from groundwater wells. According to DSI, about 80% of groundwater wells are informal (IBRD, 2016 [50]).…”

Impacts of agricultural policies on productivity and sustainability performance in agriculture: A literature review

“…Agricultural policies can in theory produce both positive and negative economic impacts. Beginning at the level of individual decision-making on-farm, four main pathways are identified in the literature (Ayouba, Boussemart and Vigeant, 2017[4]; Brady et al, 2009[5]; Ifft, Kuethe and Morehart, 2015 [6]; Koundouri et al, 2009[7]; Minviel and Latruffe, 2017 [3]; Moro and Sckokai, 2013 [8]; Rizov, Pokrivcak and Ciaian, 2013 [9]; Serra, Zilberman and Gil, 2008 [10]; Kumbhakar, Lien and Hardaker, 2014 [11]; OECD, 2001 [12]); (Zhu and Oude Lansink, 2010[13]; Sipiläinen, Kumbhakar and Lien, 2014 [14]; OECD, 2010 [15]; Kuosmanen and Kuosmanen, 2019 [16]):…”

“…Within the PSE classification, policy measures are classified into seven categories, which identify the transfer basis for the policy, whether the basis is current or non-current, and whether production is required or not. The PSE categories are: 6 A. Support based on commodity outputs B.…”

“…They consistently find that under deterministic settings this payment has no impact on production decision on the intensive or extensive margins in any of the cases studied, and therefore zero environmental impacts, which they note is consistent with economic theory for risk-neutral producers. Indeed, as shown by Ifft, Kuethe and Morehart (2015 [6]), fixed rate decoupled payments are known in advance and so are more likely to be capitalised into land values than coupled payments, meaning that they act more as a transfer to land (and therefore to landowners) rather than impacting production decisions (Brady et al, 2017[149]; Latruffe and Le Mouël, 2009[150]). However, certain kinds of payments that appear to be "decoupled" may nevertheless impact production decisions-an example is where payments are not made based on current area, animal numbers or output but are linked to current prices.…”

International trade consequences of climate change

“…In regions with sufficient water supply for irrigation, this adaptation option can be an important part of the response to climate change (Ignaciuk and Mason-D'Croz, 2014). Still, it is excluded here as markets forces alone are usually insufficient to achieve large-scale expansion of irrigated areas (Ignaciuk, 2015).…”