Adapted Schmidt Hardness Testing on Large Rock Samples—Kanfanar-South Quarry Case Study

Briševac, Zlatko; Kosović, Kristian; Navratil, Dražen; Korman, Tomislav

doi:10.3390/su15032058

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Further research should be directed towards the inclusion of some index tests, such as the determination of Schmidt hardness; the equation with a higher R 2 than that obtained with Equation ( 17) could be modeled. Those tests can easily be performed on larger samples, e.g., commercial blocks in a quarry [65]. Therefore, they may also be suitable for evaluating UCS in a saturated state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saturation Influence on Reduction of Compressive Strength for Carbonate Dimension Stone in Croatia

Briševac,

Maričić,

Kujundžić

et al. 2023

Minerals

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Dimension stone is a valuable mineral raw material whose importance is increasing worldwide. According to its mineralogical and petrographical composition, Croatian dimension stone belongs to the carbonates, primarily limestones. As saturation influences the reduction of compressive strength, in this study, the relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength in the dry and saturated states is shown, which has a coefficient of determination of 0.9605. Models were created to estimate the compressive strength based on the values of water absorption, total porosity, and real density of the material from 26 sites, all determined according to the European standards EN 1936:2006 and EN 13755:2008. Thirty varieties of dimension stones were tested, and 150 values were collected from different tests. A dependence between the uniaxial compressive strength in the saturated state was established, including the explanation in which cases the correlation can be used to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength of carbonate dimension stones with a remarkably high degree of confidence (0.994 and 0.9374). In addition, the limitations of geomechanical estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock material and its unsuitability for estimating of dimension stones construction are described.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saturation Influence on Reduction of Compressive Strength for Carbonate Dimension Stone in Croatia

Briševac,

Maričić,

Kujundžić

et al. 2023

Minerals

Self Cite

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“…Material hardness testing is relatively complex; Ref. [28] deals with the possibility of using the Schmidt hardness test, which does not require much preliminary preparation and is easy to perform in the production of commercial blocks in a quarry. Regarding the effect of material hardness on the static resistance of penetration, the authors will conduct a detailed discussion in future research.…”

Section: Proposed Model To Predict Static Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Discussion on Static Resistance of Granite under Penetration

Nie

Wu²,

Zhi³

et al. 2023

Materials

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A total of 9 tests were carried out with 30 mm and 78 mm caliber scaled projectiles penetrating into granite targets. The penetration depth, crater diameter, and mass loss rate were examined and discussed. The results indicate that the dimensionless penetration depth of large-caliber projectiles is 20% greater than small-caliber projectiles. Based on the description of static resistance Ra in the Forrestal semi-empirical formula, the size effect of dimensionless penetration depth can be attributed to the size effect of static resistance Ra, and it can be seen that the penetration static resistance of projectile A is 40% higher than that of projectile B. Numerical simulations of projectile penetration into granite targets were conducted using the finite element program ANSYS/LS-DYNA. In terms of penetration depth and crater damage, the numerical simulation results agree well with the test data. This suggests that the selection of parameters was reasonable. The influence of compressive strength, projectile striking velocity, mass, diameter, and caliber–radius–head (CRH) ratio on the static resistance Ra were studied by RHT model parameterization. Based on the numerical results from the parametric study, an empirical formula was derived to predict the static resistance Ra.

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“…In general, the Schmidt hammer is a device used to estimate UCS value in determining rock hardness (Aydin and Basu, 2005;Bolla and Paronuzzi, 2021;Mohammed et al, 2020;Saptono et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2017). In recent decades, Schmidt hammers have been used for various purposes, including determining the physical and mechanical properties of rock for evaluating the production of rock cutting machines (Goktan and Gunes, 2005;Mikaeil et al, 2021), determining joint wall strength (Bolla and Paronuzzi, 2021;Sow et al, 2016; Zadhesh and Majdi, 2022), determining discontinuities wall strength (Solak and Tuncay, 2023), determining rock quality in large samples (Briševac et al, 2023), determining drill-Copyright held(s) by author(s), publishing rights belongs to publisher, pp. 45-54, DOI: 10.17794/10.17794/rgn.2024.1.5 ing rate and penetration (Aslan et al, 2022;Ataei et al, 2015), and the Schmidt hammer can even be used to determine the geological dating age of rocks (Matthews and Winkler, 2022;Shakesby et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis and Evaluation of the Conversion Formula for Rebound Number of Schmidt Hammer Test and Unconfined Compressive Strength Test – Case Study: Andesite Rock Slope in Graha Puspa, Lembang Fault

Martireni,

Cakrabuana,

Hermawan

et al. 2024

MGPB

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The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test is one of the most common methods for determining the rock material strength value. However, the size and complexity of the instrument do not allow UCS testing to be carried out in the field. The UCS value can be estimated in the field by converting the rebound number using the Schmidt hammer test. This research aims to carry out a comparative analysis and evaluation of the conversion formula for rock compressive strength values resulting from the Schmidt hammer test and UCS test in a case study of andesite rock slopes at Graha Puspa, Lembang Fault, Bandung, Indonesia. Rock hardness testing was carried out using the Schmidt hammer test on five segments at Graha Puspa. UCS testing was carried out using a compressive strength machine on four samples in Graha Puspa. The test results show a rebound number value ranging from 31.67 - 45, while the UCS test results show a value range of 134.96 – 171.60 MPa. The results of the previously published empirical equations differed considerably from the results of the UCS tests on rock samples in the laboratory when estimating the UCS values. From this evaluation, this research proposed formulation development of andesite rock formulation in the Lembang Fault area. However, UCS testing on more samples is highly recommended in order to obtain a compressive strength conversion formula that is more suitable for the case study at this location.

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Adapted Schmidt Hardness Testing on Large Rock Samples—Kanfanar-South Quarry Case Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Saturation Influence on Reduction of Compressive Strength for Carbonate Dimension Stone in Croatia

Saturation Influence on Reduction of Compressive Strength for Carbonate Dimension Stone in Croatia

Discussion on Static Resistance of Granite under Penetration

Comparative Analysis and Evaluation of the Conversion Formula for Rebound Number of Schmidt Hammer Test and Unconfined Compressive Strength Test – Case Study: Andesite Rock Slope in Graha Puspa, Lembang Fault

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