Adaptations of White-Tailed Deer to Naturally Occurring Sodium Deficiencies

Weeks, Harmon P.; Kirkpatrick, Charles M.

doi:10.2307/3800555

Cited by 143 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…124 higher concentrations of Na at licks and higher concentrations, but less extreme differences for other chemicals are similar to the results of other studies (e.g. Weeks and Kirkpatrick 1976;Tankersley 1984;Klein and Thing 1989;Tracy and McNaughton 1995;Klaus and Schmid 1998;Mincher et al 2008). This supports the conclusion that Na is the main reason the mountain goats in this study visited mineral licks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Also, during the time of greatest lick use (late spring and early summer), sodium requirements are high as this corresponds to late gestation and early lactation for many species and elevated potassium in forage plants at that time increases the need for sodium (Weeks and Kirkpatrick 1976;Atwood and Weeks 2002). Foley et al (1995) indicated that sodium may be important in mediating the acidification resulting from detoxification of forage secondary compounds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mineral Lick Visitation by Mountain Goats, <em>Oreamnos americanus</em>

Rice

2010

Can Field Nat

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Many species, including Mountain Goats (Oreamnos americanus), are known to visit mineral licks, but the extent and duration of use are poorly understood because most studies consist of observations at licks. I studied the movements to, from, and near mineral licks of 11 mountain goats in Washington wearing Global Positioning System (GPS) collars for a total of 169 goat-months of tracking and evaluated chemical composition of six mineral licks compared with reference soil samples. I recorded 101 mineral lick visits to 13 mineral licks. Each GPS fix was classified as moving toward a mineral lick, in the vicinity of a lick, on an excursion from a lick, moving away from a lick, or not associated with lick use. Depending on annual movement patterns associated with lick use, each Mountain Goat was classified as a Migrant (single lick visit of long duration, n = 3 Mountain Goats), Sojourner (few visits of short duration, n = 2), Commuter (many visits of short duration, n = 5), or Resident (lick within normal range of movements, n = 1). Most mineral lick visits took place 01 June-15 August with peak visitation about 14 June-29 July. Migrants typically stayed in the vicinity of licks about a month (but as long as 51 days) whereas other mountain goats visited licks for 0.1-8 days (median = 1 day). Migrants also tended to take longer and move farther than other Mountain Goats when on movements to and from licks. Most Mountain Goats moved toward mineral licks faster (km/hr) than they moved away from licks. All licks had higher concentrations of sodium than reference samples (1.5-27 times as high), although concentrations of calcium, potassium, and sulphate tended to be higher as well, whereas magnesium was not. Mineral lick visitation has costs (energetics of travel, reduced forage, and predation risk). Depending on the importance of these costs, mountain goats evidently use various strategies for exploiting mineral licks as exemplified by the movement types (migrant, sojourner, commuter, or resident). Notably, most of the Mountain Goats in this study crossed national forest, county and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife region boundaries to another to visit mineral licks. Thus, coordination among administrative units is needed in management of Mountain Goats and mineral licks they use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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confidence: 99%

Mineral Lick Visitation by Mountain Goats, <em>Oreamnos americanus</em>

Rice

2010

Can Field Nat

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“…However, elk may be obtaining sodium from other sources than forage consumption, such as mineral licks and water (Weeks andKirkpatrick 1976, Robbins 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional quality of forages used by elk in northern Idaho

Alldredge¹,

Peek²,

Wall³

2002

REM

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The nutritional quality (digestible energy, crude protein, and minerals) of 7 known elk (Cervus ResumenSe evaluo la calidad nutricional (energia digestible, proteina cruda y minerales) de 7 especies forrajes que se sabe que el alce (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus) las consume, la evaluacion se realizo en 4 diferentes periodos de tiempo de Mayo a Noveembre. Las especies evaluadas fueron: "Elk sedge" (Carex geyeri Boott), "Kentucky bluegrass" (Poa pratensis Linnaeus), "Western goldthread" (Coptis occidentalis Nuttall), "Clover" (Trifolium repens Linnaeus), "Serviceberry" (Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall), "Redstem ceanothus" (Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh) y "Scouler willow" (Salix scouleriana Barratt). Las concentraciones de minerales generalmente satisfacen los requerimientos estimados para el alce en todas las estaciones, excepto sodio el cual permanece abajo de los requerimientos en todas las estaciones. A traves de todo el ano la proteina cruda de la mayoria de las especies de plantas muestreadas fue adecuada para las hembras prenadas o lactantes, sin embargo, en Agosto, las concentraciones de proteina cruda de las gramineas cayo por abajo de los requerimientos. El forraje proveyo de energia digestible adecuada para las hembras adultas prenadas o lactantes solo en Mayo, indicando deficiencias potenciales en verano y otono. Para tener una nutricion adecuada el alce debe ser selectivo de las partes de la planta que consume, el genero de planta y el habitat de forrajeo. En esta area la calidad del forraje en verano y otono puede ser critica para las hembras lactantes de alce.Industrial forests in northern Idaho managed primarily for timber production contain substantial populations of elk. These forests contain a mixture of age classes of trees in a diverse mosaic of successional patterns. However, they do not provide large blocks of mature timber for security cover and road densities are high, causing them to fall outside of the suitable criteria for elk habitat developed by Leege (1984).Elk presumably select habitats that have high quality, abundant forage, or provide cover (Patton 1974, Edge et al. 1988, Thomas et al. 1979). Nutritional quality of available forages may change with phenological stage, between vegetation classes, aspect, and overstory structure (Irwin and Peek 1979). Nutrition is assumed to be a primary factor influencing elk distribution, abundance, and productivity (Cook in press). However, few studies have described forage quality and attempt to relate this to the nutritional levels that elk experience.We examined nutritional quality of primary elk forages in an industrial forest. We build on the substantial number of elk habitat use investigations in northern Idaho showing the importance of seral shrub communities as foraging areas. Substantial knowledge of food habits and responses of forage plants to logging and burning is also available for this area to pursue the analyses. Specific objectives were to (1) assess the variability in digestible energy, crude protein, and mineral concentrati...

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“…Oral transmission of CWD via saliva from infected deer has been demonstrated (7), and shedding of prions in urine from animals with chronic kidney inflammation has been reported (9). Since herbivores consume soil both deliberately and incidentally (10,11), ingestion of prion-contaminated soil may contribute to the natural CWD and scrapie transmission (5,12). Montmorillonite-associated prions were recently demonstrated to retain infectivity despite extremely avid adsorption of PrP Sc to the clay particles (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Pathogenic Prion Protein to Quartz Sand

Benson

McKenzie

et al. 2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

123

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Management responses to prion diseases of cattle, deer, and elk create a significant need for safe and effective disposal of infected carcasses and other materials. Furthermore, soil may contribute to the horizontal transmission of sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease by serving as an environmental reservoir for the infectious agent. As an initial step toward understanding prion mobility in porous materials such as soil and landfilled waste, the influence of pH and ionic strength (I) on pathogenic prion protein (PrP Sc ) properties (viz. aggregation state and ζ-potential) and adsorption to quartz sand was investigated. The apparent average isoelectric point of PrP Sc aggregates was 4.6. PrP Sc aggregate size was largest between pH 4 and 6, and increased with increasing I at pH 7. Adsorption to quartz sand was maximal near the apparent isoelectric point of PrP Sc aggregates and decreased as pH either declined or increased. PrP Sc adsorption increased as suspension I increased, and reached an apparent plateau at I ∼ 0.1 M. While trends with pH and I in PrP Sc attachment to quartz surfaces were consistent with predictions based on Born-DLVO theory, non-DLVO forces appeared to contribute to adsorption at pH 7 and 9 (I ) 10 mM). Our findings suggest that disposal strategies that elevate pH (e.g., burial in lime or fly ash), may increase PrP Sc mobility. Similarly, PrP Sc mobility may increase as a landfill ages, due to increases in pH and decreases in I of the leachate.

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Adaptations of White-Tailed Deer to Naturally Occurring Sodium Deficiencies

Cited by 143 publications

References 34 publications

Mineral Lick Visitation by Mountain Goats, <em>Oreamnos americanus</em>

Mineral Lick Visitation by Mountain Goats, <em>Oreamnos americanus</em>

Nutritional quality of forages used by elk in northern Idaho

Adsorption of Pathogenic Prion Protein to Quartz Sand

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