Adaptations in the elbow flexors of elderly males after heavy-resistance training

Roman, William; Fleckenstein, James L.; Stray-Gundersen, J.; Alway, Stephen E.; Peshock, Ronald M; Gonyea, W. J.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.750

Cited by 158 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…However, the findings of regional differences in CSA adaptations to strength training are not unusual (e.g. Roman et al 1993;Häkkinen et al 2001). The findings of increased CSA at the part of elbow flexors with largest CSA in L+A could be due to the acute elevation of anabolic hormones during the strength training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation

Rønnestad¹,

Nygaard²,

Raastad

2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Rønnestad, B. R., Nygaard, H., Raastad, T. (2011) ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of transiently elevated endogenous hormone concentrations during exercise on strength training adaptations. Nine subjects performed four unilateral strength training session per week on the elbow flexors for 11 weeks. During two of the weekly sessions, leg exercises were performed to acutely increase the systemic anabolic hormone concentration immediately before the exercises for one of the elbow flexors (L+A). On the two other weekly training sessions, the contralateral elbow flexors were trained without prior leg exercises (A). By randomizing one arm of the subjects to serve as a control and the other as experimental, both conditions have the same nutritional and genetic environment. Serum testosterone and growth hormone was significantly increased during the L+A training session, while no hormonal changes occurred in the A session. Both A and L+A increased 1RM in biceps curl, peak power in elbow flexors at 30% and 60% of 1RM, and muscle volume of the elbow flexors (p<0.05). However, only L+A achieved increase in CSA at the part of the arm flexors with largest cross sectional area (p<0.001), while no changes occurred in A. L+A had superior relative improvement in 1RM biceps curl and favorable muscle adaptations in elbow flexors compared to A (p<0.05). In conclusion, performing leg exercises prior to arm exercises, and thereby increasing the levels of serum testosterone and growth hormone, induced superior strength training adaptations compared to arm training without acute elevation of hormones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation

Rønnestad¹,

Nygaard²,

Raastad

2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…MRI has been used previously to assess muscle mass. 4,11,12 MRI was performed on a General Electric 1.5 Tesla whole body MRI System. A body coil was used for both signal detection and for RF transmission or imaging.…”

Section: Mri Of Thigh Musculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Fitness and the effect of exercise training on the dietary intake of healthy adolescents

et al. 1998

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OBJECTIVE: In healthy, nonobese, adolescent males and females to: (1) Determine the relationship between ®tness and energy intake; (2) assess the effect of ®ve-weeks endurance training on energy intake and food choice and (3) compare food record assessments of energy intake with doubly-labeled water (DLW) measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE). DESIGN: (1) Cross sectional analysis of ®tness and food intake and (2) Prospective, randomized, controlled interventional study of endurance-type exercise training in 44 females and 44 males (age range, 15±17 y). MEASUREMENTS: Pre and end interventional three day food records were successfully collected from 32 females (15 controls, 17 trained) and 39 males (19 controls, 20 trained). Fitness was assessed from cycle ergometry as peak oxygen uptake normalized both to thigh muscle mass and body weight. Thigh muscle mass was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. TEE using the DLW technique was measured in 12 females (6 controls, 6 trained) and 20 males (10 controls, 10 trained) during weeks 4±5 of the exercise training program (simultaneously with the second assessment of food records). Food record data were analyzed using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System. RESULTS: Fitness was correlated with self reported total caloric intake in males but not females. In females, there was a signi®cant increase in fat intake (19.8 AE 9%, P`0.05) and a signi®cant decrease in carbohydrate intake (79.8 AE 4%) in the trained subjects. No changes were observed in the control subjects. Energy expenditure (2072 AE 52 kcalad) was signi®cantly greater than the estimated energy intake (1520 AE 112 kcalad, P`0.007) during the intervention in the trained, but not control, subjects. However, there was no weight change in either control or trained subjects. In males, no changes were observed in food choice in either control or trained subjects. Similar to the females, energy expenditure (2425 AE 22 kcalad) was signi®cantly greater than the estimated energy intake (2168 AE 117 kcalad, P`0.05) during the intervention in the trained, but not control, subjects. No weight changes were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Fitness is associated with increased self-reported energy intake in males but not females, while exercise training led to alterations in food selection (greater fat and reduced carbohydrate) only in females. These observations could re¯ect speci®c gender differences, or, alternatively, the generally lower levels of ®tness in the females. The apparent negative energy balance without evidence for weight loss in both the trained males and females suggests a systematic under reporting of food intake during exercise programs in adolescents, and indicates the possibility that errors in self reported food intake might be greater during transitions from one level of energy expenditure to another.

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“…Vários estudos reportaram redução significativa (Campbell et al, 1994a;Treuth et al, 1994;Campbell et al, 1999), enquanto outros não observaram qualquer alteração nesse parâmetro (Roman et al, 1993;Nelson et al, 1996).…”

Section: Grupo-controleunclassified

“…Contudo, vários estudos (Roman et al 1993;Treuth et al 1994;Campbell et al 1999) detectaram alteração na composição corporal localizada, em conseqüência de TCR, com o uso de TC e RM. Inclusive, foram verificadas alterações em indivíduos com idade superior e em período de treinamento menor que o presente estudo (Fiatarone et al, 1990).…”

Section: Grupo-controleunclassified

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Body composition and food intake in elderly women subjected to resistance training

2001

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Adaptations in the elbow flexors of elderly males after heavy-resistance training

Cited by 158 publications

References 0 publications

Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation

Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation

Fitness and the effect of exercise training on the dietary intake of healthy adolescents

Body composition and food intake in elderly women subjected to resistance training

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