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Several cross-inflectional-language studies claim that reference to time and telicity marked by verbs are difficult for agrammatic speakers. Thus, the PADILIH claims that time reference referring to the past is difficult and AAM claims that the combination of argument structure (transitivity & telicity) and time reference is relatively difficult for agrammatic speakers. It is predicted that a similar phenomenon is observed in the agglutinative Indonesian. Furthermore, filling in the gap in rehabilitation method in the Aphasia Test for Diagnosis, Information and Rehabilitation (TADIR), which currently has no standard guidelines, it is interesting to examine telicity and time reference in addition to the accompanying deficit. BI verbs have the potential to indicate telicity through inherent meaning by referring to the two semantic parameters of time reference including dynamism and durativity, while time reference is simultaneously marked by aspectual adverbs and temporal lexical adverbs. Ten participants were divided into two groups, with one group comprised of agrammatic speakers and a second group comprised of five speakers without brain damage (NBDs) as controls. Agrammatism was determined based on the TADIR, and both groups of speakers were tested with the Test for Assessing Reference of Time (TART) and Verbal Sentence Production (SPP-verbal). The validated sentences have the patterns of subject + verb (intransitive) in basic and derived verb forms. The results of the study, in line with the PADILIH hypothesis both in production and comprehension tasks, show that referring to the past that requires discourse linking tends to be difficult. The performance of agrammatic speakers is lower than that of the controls in both temporal and lexical adverb tasks. However, the AAM hypothesis cannot be fully generalized. In both the production and comprehension tasks the atelic verbs are not difficult; however, telic verbs are difficult. Clinical contribution as a complement of rehabilitation method (TADIR) is the evaluation of the difficulty of derived verbs and time reference, and an adaptive method by manipulating a series of tests that involves three time frames and stresses on especially the forms of derived verbs. This finding has implications for efforts to develop the integrity of sentences triggered by a decrease in the lexical level and the development of the language potential of agrammatic speakers who may be indicated by memory disorders.
Several cross-inflectional-language studies claim that reference to time and telicity marked by verbs are difficult for agrammatic speakers. Thus, the PADILIH claims that time reference referring to the past is difficult and AAM claims that the combination of argument structure (transitivity & telicity) and time reference is relatively difficult for agrammatic speakers. It is predicted that a similar phenomenon is observed in the agglutinative Indonesian. Furthermore, filling in the gap in rehabilitation method in the Aphasia Test for Diagnosis, Information and Rehabilitation (TADIR), which currently has no standard guidelines, it is interesting to examine telicity and time reference in addition to the accompanying deficit. BI verbs have the potential to indicate telicity through inherent meaning by referring to the two semantic parameters of time reference including dynamism and durativity, while time reference is simultaneously marked by aspectual adverbs and temporal lexical adverbs. Ten participants were divided into two groups, with one group comprised of agrammatic speakers and a second group comprised of five speakers without brain damage (NBDs) as controls. Agrammatism was determined based on the TADIR, and both groups of speakers were tested with the Test for Assessing Reference of Time (TART) and Verbal Sentence Production (SPP-verbal). The validated sentences have the patterns of subject + verb (intransitive) in basic and derived verb forms. The results of the study, in line with the PADILIH hypothesis both in production and comprehension tasks, show that referring to the past that requires discourse linking tends to be difficult. The performance of agrammatic speakers is lower than that of the controls in both temporal and lexical adverb tasks. However, the AAM hypothesis cannot be fully generalized. In both the production and comprehension tasks the atelic verbs are not difficult; however, telic verbs are difficult. Clinical contribution as a complement of rehabilitation method (TADIR) is the evaluation of the difficulty of derived verbs and time reference, and an adaptive method by manipulating a series of tests that involves three time frames and stresses on especially the forms of derived verbs. This finding has implications for efforts to develop the integrity of sentences triggered by a decrease in the lexical level and the development of the language potential of agrammatic speakers who may be indicated by memory disorders.
BackgroundThe abbreviated version of the Token Test (aTT) is widely used to assess language comprehension deficits in stroke patients (SPs). However, aTT has not been validated for Latin American Spanish speakers, so clinicians tend to use cut‐off scores for aTT validated in developed countries.AimsTo provide normative data for the Spanish aTT (Sp‐aTT) in healthy Chilean Spanish‐speaking and SP, determining the influence of sociodemographic variables such as gender, age and education on Sp‐aTT performance.Methods & ProceduresA total of 210 healthy volunteers (age range = 18–88 years) and 197 SPs (age range = 23–94 years), all native speakers of Chilean Spanish, were recruited. The association of age, gender and years of education on the Sp‐aTT performance was analysed. Specificity and sensibility analyses of the Sp‐aTT to diagnose language comprehension deficits were completed.Outcomes & ResultsOnly age (p < 0.001) and years of education (p < 0.001) impacted the total score of Sp‐aTT. Gender did not show an association with Sp‐aTT performance (p = 0.181). For SPs, the Sp‐aTT score showed a significant positive correlation (rho = 0.4, p < 0.001) with the aphasia severity rating scale (ASRS) score. For Sp‐aTT, the area under the curve was 0.97, and the optimal cut‐off score for the Sp‐aTT was 30 (0.73 of sensitivity, 0.92 of specificity and a Youden index of 0.644).Conclusions & ImplicationsAge and years of education are two key factors to be controlled for when determining the optimal cut‐off points for the Sp‐aTT. Our results also highlight the need for language‐specific norms in stroke and aphasia research.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSWhat is already known on the subject The aTT has been validated and adapted in several countries. Its properties in screening and detecting comprehensive deficits in SPs highlight its potential as a screening tool in clinical practice. Moreover, considering that stroke is the third largest cause of death worldwide, research and clinical practice have focused on how to improve early detection of deficits in these people, especially those related to cognition, language and functionality in SPs. Therefore, counting with validated and adapted tools is essential for clinicians because it could contribute to accurate intervention and classification of language disorders.What this paper adds to the existing knowledge The main contribution of this study is to provide normative data for the aTT in Latin American Spanish speakers. No previous studies have focused on validating this test and analysing the influence of three critical variables (age, gender and years of education) on its performance in SPs from Latin America. In addition, we propose a classification of the severity of comprehension deficits in SPs. Finally, we found comprehension deficits in patients with right and left hemisphere stroke, which would imply that these deficits would not be exclusive to left hemisphere stroke.What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Contribute with validation of language comprehension tools, such as the aTT, could improve early diagnosis of patients with language disorders. This validation provides a test based on the sociodemographic characteristics of Latin American Speakers, which has yet to be established. Due to this, normative data considering the sociodemographic characteristics of the target population is crucial for accurately classifying comprehension deficits after brain damage.
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