Adaptation of Candida albicans During Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization

Mishra, Animesh Anand; Koh, Andrew Y.

doi:10.1007/s40588-018-0096-8

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…It is thought that humans are carriers of C. albicans by nature, and the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main stocks in the body. This species is the most common opportunistic pathogen among fungi and can cause diseases ranging from superficial to invasive and life-threatening infections [ 88 ]. The entry of C. albicans into the bloodstream and the development of disseminated candidiasis mostly occur after an invasive infection of the gastrointestinal system [ 4 , 89 , 90 ].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Talapko

Juzbašić

Matijević³

et al. 2021

JoF

309

161

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Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida’s normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida’s virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia–invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.

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Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Talapko

Juzbašić

Matijević³

et al. 2021

JoF

309

161

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“…Indeed, C. albicans is present on the mucosa of most people in most human populations (Neville, d Enfert and Bougnoux 2015 ; Prieto et al . 2016 ; Mishra and Koh 2018 ). However, this fungus can cause infections if the local microbiota becomes perturbed, normal tissue barriers are weakened or immune defences become compromised.…”

Section: The Fungusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay uponCandida albicansinfections: current knowledge and new perspectives

d’Enfert

Kaune

Alaban

et al. 2020

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

189

134

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Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to fungal outgrowth and the development of mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and patients with compromised immunity are susceptible to life-threatening systemic infections. The importance of the interplay between fungus, host and microbiota in driving the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity is widely appreciated. However, the complexity of these interactions, and the significant impact of fungal, host and microbiota variability upon disease severity and outcome, are less well understood. Therefore, we summarise the features of the fungus that promote infection, and how genetic variation between clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, how this differs between mucosae, and how individual variation influences a person's susceptibility to infection. Also, we describe factors that influence the composition of gut, oral and vaginal microbiotas, and how these affect fungal colonisation and antifungal immunity. We argue that a detailed understanding of these variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota interactions, will present opportunities for directed antifungal therapies that benefit vulnerable patients.

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“…Antibiotic treatment or the use of germ-free gnotobiotic animals promotes consistent C. albicans colonization of the gut [98]. In particular, antibiotics that deplete anaerobes facilitate the highest C. albicans GI colonization levels [99], supporting the concept that a balanced GI microbiota is important in preventing the overgrowth of potential pathogens (pathobionts) [100]. Mechanistically, anaerobic bacteria induce expression of HIF-1α (a key regulator of innate immunity), leading to increased expression of LL-37 antimicrobial protein by intestinal epithelial cells [99].…”

Section: Strategies To Reduce Damagementioning

confidence: 91%

Applying the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework to Candida Pathogenesis: Current and Prospective Strategies to Reduce Damage

Fidel

Yano

Esher

et al. 2020

JoF

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Disease is a complex outcome that can occur as a result of pathogen-mediated damage, host-mediated damage or both. This has led to the revolutionary concept of the damage response framework (DRF) that defines microbial virulence as a function of host immunity. The DRF outlines six scenarios (classes) of host damage or beneficial outcomes, depending on the microbe and the strength of the immune response. Candida albicans is uniquely adapted to its human host and can exist as either a commensal, colonizing various anatomical sites without causing notable damage, or as a pathogen, with the ability to cause a diverse array of diseases, ranging from mucosal to invasive systemic infections that result in varying levels of microbe-mediated and/or host-mediated damage. We recently categorized six different forms of candidiasis (oropharyngeal, hematogenous, intra-abdominal, gastrointestinal, denture stomatitis, and vulvovaginitis) into independent DRF classes, supporting a contemporary view of unique mechanisms of pathogenesis for these Candida infections. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the pathogenesis of these various forms of candidiasis in the context of the DRF with the further intent to provide insights into strategies to achieve a level of host response or outcome otherwise, that limits host damage.

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Adaptation of Candida albicans During Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization

Cited by 20 publications

References 74 publications

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay uponCandida albicansinfections: current knowledge and new perspectives

Applying the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework to Candida Pathogenesis: Current and Prospective Strategies to Reduce Damage

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