“…Detrimental impacts of turbulent mixing have also been demonstrated, with inhibition attributed to cell disruption from shear stress (Chalmers, 2015; Han & Yuan, 2004; Kunnen, Malas, Semeins, Bakker, & Peters, 2017; Richardson, Lannigan, & Macara, 2015; Sieck et al, 2014, 2013; Wang, Lü, Mao, & Long, 2014; Yi et al, 2010). For example, hybridoma cells suffer apoptosis at mixing energy inputs of 1.87 × 10 3 W·m −3 (Al‐Rubeai, Singh, Goldman, & Emery, 1995; Chalmers, 2015).…”