“…7 3 Ascertainment of tic diagnosis Our diagnostic procedures for tic disorders have been previously validated and described (appendix 1, 2). [7][8][9][10][11] Briefly, if all essential criteria of tics were fulfilled including the presence of repetitive movements or sounds, the urgency and relief before and after, and the change and fluctuations over time of these repetitive behavior, a diagnosis of tic by history was reached. If some of the essential criteria were not fulfilled a diagnosis of possible tic disorder was established.…”