Acute Valproate-Induced Encephalopathy in Status Epilepticus: A Registry-Based Assessment

Abstract

Background Valproate-induced encephalopathy (VIE) affects between 0.1% and 2.5% of patients under long-term epilepsy treatment. Its frequency and characteristics in adults with status epilepticus (SE) is, however, unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the frequency and the clinico-biological characteristics of VIE in adult SE patients. Methods We reviewed all patients included in our institutional SE registry who were treated for an SE episode between November 2021 and February 2023 and identified 39 patients who received valproate for their SE treatment. Acute VIE was defined by worsening of consciousness having led to the discontinuation of valproate, and improvement of consciousness within 96 hours after discontinuation of valproate during acute hospital treatment. Results Patients had a mean valproate intravenous loading dose of 34.5 mg/kg and a mean maintenance dose of 15.3 mg/ kg/d (1078 mg/d). Four out of 29 patients with measured ammonium had hyperammonemia. We identified four (10%) patients fulfilling acute VIE criteria. Median time from administration of valproate to the occurrence of VIE, and to resolution of VIE after cessation of valproate treatment, was 2 days for each. Three of the four VIE patients had no associated hyperammonemia. Patients who developed VIE more frequently had a history of liver disease (p = 0.023), and tended to be younger, but other clinical variables did not differ significantly from patients without VIE, including valproate loading or maintenance doses, SE cause, duration or severity, other concomitant antiseizure medications (none received topiramate, phenobarbital, or primidone). Conclusion Pending larger studies, VIE in SE seems relatively frequent and difficult to foresee; clinical alertness to symptoms is mandatory, even without hyperammonemia, and valproate withdrawal should be considered in suspected cases.

Valproate encephalopathy: Case series and literature review

“…The EEG of patients with sodium valproate encephalopathy lacks specificity, and currently, there is no universally accepted standard for EEG. 6 In this study, 24-h EEG monitoring of patients with symptoms of encephalopathy showed that case 1 presented three-phase waves, while the remaining three cases presented obvious slow waves dominated by theta waves and delta waves, which occurred synchronously in both hemispheres without epileptiform activity ( Table 1 ) which was consistent with previous research reports. There are currently no large-scale clinical studies on sodium valproate encephalopathy.…”