Acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis due to short-term triclosan exposure and multi- and transgenerational effects on in vivo endpoints, antioxidant defense, and DNA damage response in the freshwater water flea Daphnia magna

Toxicity of triclosan, an antimicrobial agent, to a nontarget freshwater zooplankton species, Moina macrocopa

“…These findings also provide insights into the mechanisms of metabolism and toxic actions of TCS in M. macrocopa . Elevated CAT and GST levels have also been observed in D. magna exposed to TCS at 50–100 μg L −1 38 . Moreover, Han et al 28 reported elevated transcriptional levels of several antioxidant enzymes, including CAT and GST, in the rotifer B. koreanus at TCS concentrations of 100–200 μg L −1 .…”

“…56 Our results revealed that the organisms exposed to TCS concentrations ≥50 μg L À1 have genome profiles that differed slightly from those of the control organisms. Previously, Lee et al 38 by Comet assay. From our findings and the results of the above studies, it can be concluded that TCS is a potential genotoxicant to freshwater cladocerans and probably to other aquatic organisms.…”

“…Our results revealed that the organisms exposed to TCS concentrations ≥50 μg L −1 have genome profiles that differed slightly from those of the control organisms. Previously, Lee et al 38 reported a concentration‐dependent increase in the occurrence of DNA fragmentation in D. magna exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μg L −1 TCS as determined by DNA laddering assay using genomic DNA. Similarly, Silva et al 15 observed significant DNA damage in D. magna exposed to 120, 160, and 206 μg L −1 TCS compared with the control organisms, as determined by Comet assay.…”

“…Elevated CAT and GST levels have also been observed in D. magna exposed to TCS at 50-100 μg L À1 . 38 Moreover, Han et al 28 Research conducted to investigate the toxicity of TCS to freshwater fish and invertebrates, including cladocerans, demonstrated that the toxicity of TCS can be affected by several environmental factors. For example, the effect of pH on the toxicity of TCS has been reported.…”

The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods

“…The growing evidence for the genotoxic effects of TCS and TCC on aquatic organisms and fish [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ] supports warnings about TCS and TCC and raises efforts to clarify the mechanisms by which the effects of these polychlorinated preservatives occur in more detail, including oxidative damage in specific cells and tissues [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ], potential synergistic effects with other substances present in final cosmetic products or the environment [ 55 , 68 , 69 , 70 ] and evaluations of the safety of their active metabolites, products of biodegradation or photolysis, considering their widespread use in consumer products and their presence in the environment [ 1 , 71 ]. Numerous inconclusive data and variability in test systems support the need to employ test systems highly relevant to humans, i.e., human-derived cell lines or 3D reconstructed human tissue models should be preferably used for safety assessment in vitro.…”