Acute toxicity of the fungicide captan to honey bees and mixed evidence for synergism with the insecticide thiamethoxam
Daiana De Souza,
Christine Urbanowicz,
Wee Hao Ng
et al.
Abstract:Honey bees are commonly co-exposed to pesticides during crop pollination, including the fungicide captan and neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. We assessed the impact of exposure to these two pesticides individually and in combination, at a range of field-realistic doses. In laboratory assays, mortality of larvae treated with captan was 80–90% greater than controls, dose-independent, and similar to mortality from the lowest dose of thiamethoxam. There was evidence of synergism (i.e., a non-additive respon… Show more
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