Acute Toxicity and Treatment of Intoxications Due to Crotalus Adamanteus (Rattlesnake Venom)

Deichmann, William B.; Radomski, Jack L.; Farrell, John; MacDonald, W.E.; Keplinger, M.L.

doi:10.1097/00000441-195808000-00009

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The LD 50 values for C. adamanteus venom (3.96 μg/egg) were almost three times lower than those determined for the C. atrox venom (11.73 μg/egg) indicating that the lower LD 50 values reflect the higher level of the toxicity of the test venom and therefore a higher level of embryotoxicity. Years ago, a few studies dealt with the effect of C. adamanteus venom on animals’ mortality [ 35 ]. No studies, to our knowledge, dealt with such effects of C. atrox venom.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of the Cytotoxic and Vascular Activity Effects of Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Venoms Using a Chick Embryo Model

Bekešová,

Petrilla,

Polláková

et al. 2024

Animals

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Crotalus snakebites induce various toxicological effects, encompassing neurological, myotoxic, and cytotoxic symptoms, with potentially fatal outcomes. Investigating venom toxicity is essential for public health, and developing new tools allows for these effects to be studied more comprehensively. The research goals include the elucidation of the physiological consequences of venom exposure and the assessment of toxicity using animal models. Chicken embryos serve as valuable models for assessing venom toxicity through the chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST) and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, particularly useful for evaluating vascular impacts. C. adamanteus venom application resulted in higher embryotoxicity and morphological abnormalities, such as Siamese twins. The CAM assay demonstrated the hemorrhagic effects of venom, varying with venom type and concentration. The irritant potential of both venom types was classified as slight or moderate depending on their concentration. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was performed to receive information about organ toxicity. The results show that both venoms induced changes in the whole embryo, heart, and liver weights, but the C. adamanteus venom was identified as more toxic. Specific venom concentrations affected AChE activity in embryonic tissues. These findings underscore the embryotoxic and vasoactive properties of Crotalus venoms, providing valuable insights into their mechanisms of toxicity and potential applications in biomedicine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of the Cytotoxic and Vascular Activity Effects of Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Venoms Using a Chick Embryo Model

Bekešová,

Petrilla,

Polláková

et al. 2024

Animals

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“…The systemic effects are dependent upon the venom’s composition and confined to general lethargy, salivation, bloody diarrhea, and death in an irreversible coma. Hydrocortisone treatment is probably therapeutically beneficial for NHP following a venomous snake bite [ 66 ].…”

Section: Snake and Spider Venomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Literature Review of Unintentional Intoxications of Nonhuman Primates

Bakker

Bomzon²

2022

Animals

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Reports of unintentional intoxications in nonhuman primates (NHP) are few and an up-to-date review of such intoxications in NHP is lacking. We reviewed the published veterinary literature on unintentional intoxications in wild and captive NHP in order to provide a useful resource on known toxic agents of NHP for veterinarians, caregivers, and researchers who work with NHP. To these ends, we first conducted a literature search for books, book chapters, peer-reviewed publications, conference proceedings, and newsletters in academic literature databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, BioOne Complete, and Web of Science using the words and word combinations such as heavy metals, pesticides, poisonings, and nonhuman primates. We then evaluated the search results for those reports that we considered as clinically relevant and then classified them according to the toxic agent. We identified lead, zinc, phytotoxins, pesticides, botulinum toxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, and snake and spider venoms as the main toxic agents in wild and captive NHP. We concluded that the toxic threats to wild NHP are different to those of captive NHP because of the environment in which they live. We recommend that an intoxication should be part of a differential diagnosis when a NHP presents with clinical signs that cannot be linked to a known disorder or dies suddenly with no preceding clinical signs. In cases of the former, laboratory testing for known toxins and pollutants should be conducted. In cases of the latter, a thorough postmortem examination, together with extensive laboratory testing, for known toxins and environmental pollutants in all tissues and organs should be performed.

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“…One murine model demonstrated that when viper venom, antivenom, and hydrocortisone (2 mg per 20‐mg mouse) were given subcutaneously, the mortality rates decreased to a third of that noted when the hydrocortisone was excluded; however, when lower doses of hydrocortisone were administered, no protective effect was demonstrated . Another study showed a slight decrease in mortality occurred when 100 mg of hydrocortisone sodium succinate was given IV to dogs up to 4 hours after lethal doses of Crotalus venom . A recent prospective study using a mouse paw model demonstrated that antivenom or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg IP) were effective in reducing paw edema when given up to 30 minutes post inoculation with B. jararaca venom .…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview and controversies in the medical management of pit viper envenomation in the dog

Armentano

Schaer

2011

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

112

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Acute Toxicity and Treatment of Intoxications Due to Crotalus Adamanteus (Rattlesnake Venom)

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

A Comparative Analysis of the Cytotoxic and Vascular Activity Effects of Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Venoms Using a Chick Embryo Model

A Comparative Analysis of the Cytotoxic and Vascular Activity Effects of Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Venoms Using a Chick Embryo Model

A Literature Review of Unintentional Intoxications of Nonhuman Primates

Overview and controversies in the medical management of pit viper envenomation in the dog

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