“…The 48 h LC 50 for Artemia was 361 ppm, whilst Aedes exhibited a 72 h LC 50 of 21 ppb, and a 48 h LC 50 of 13 ppb for an early instar stage of development (Song et al 1997 ; Song and Brown 1998 ). Osterberg et al ( 2012 ) demonstrated that in the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ), megalopae were an order of magnitude more sensitive than juveniles to lethal effects of imidacloprid (24 h-LC 50 = 10 ppb for megalopae vs 24 h-LC 50 = 1,1 ppb for juveniles).…”
We assessed the state of knowledge regarding the effects of large-scale pollution with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on non-target invertebrate species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. A large section of the assessment is dedicated to the state of knowledge on sublethal effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera) because this important pollinator is the most studied non-target invertebrate species. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Lumbricidae (earthworms), Apoidae sensu lato (bumblebees, solitary bees) and the section “other invertebrates” review available studies on the other terrestrial species. The sections on freshwater and marine species are rather short as little is known so far about the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on the diverse invertebrate fauna of these widely exposed habitats. For terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species, the known effects of neonicotinoid pesticides and fipronil are described ranging from organismal toxicology and behavioural effects to population-level effects. For earthworms, freshwater and marine species, the relation of findings to regulatory risk assessment is described. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit very high toxicity to a wide range of invertebrates, particularly insects, and field-realistic exposure is likely to result in both lethal and a broad range of important sublethal impacts. There is a major knowledge gap regarding impacts on the grand majority of invertebrates, many of which perform essential roles enabling healthy ecosystem functioning. The data on the few non-target species on which field tests have been performed are limited by major flaws in the outdated test protocols. Despite large knowledge gaps and uncertainties, enough knowledge exists to conclude that existing levels of pollution with neonicotinoids and fipronil resulting from presently authorized uses frequently exceed the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations and are thus likely to have large-scale and wide ranging negative biological and ecological impacts on a wide range of non-target invertebrates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and benthic habitats.
“…The 48 h LC 50 for Artemia was 361 ppm, whilst Aedes exhibited a 72 h LC 50 of 21 ppb, and a 48 h LC 50 of 13 ppb for an early instar stage of development (Song et al 1997 ; Song and Brown 1998 ). Osterberg et al ( 2012 ) demonstrated that in the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ), megalopae were an order of magnitude more sensitive than juveniles to lethal effects of imidacloprid (24 h-LC 50 = 10 ppb for megalopae vs 24 h-LC 50 = 1,1 ppb for juveniles).…”
We assessed the state of knowledge regarding the effects of large-scale pollution with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on non-target invertebrate species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. A large section of the assessment is dedicated to the state of knowledge on sublethal effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera) because this important pollinator is the most studied non-target invertebrate species. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Lumbricidae (earthworms), Apoidae sensu lato (bumblebees, solitary bees) and the section “other invertebrates” review available studies on the other terrestrial species. The sections on freshwater and marine species are rather short as little is known so far about the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on the diverse invertebrate fauna of these widely exposed habitats. For terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species, the known effects of neonicotinoid pesticides and fipronil are described ranging from organismal toxicology and behavioural effects to population-level effects. For earthworms, freshwater and marine species, the relation of findings to regulatory risk assessment is described. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit very high toxicity to a wide range of invertebrates, particularly insects, and field-realistic exposure is likely to result in both lethal and a broad range of important sublethal impacts. There is a major knowledge gap regarding impacts on the grand majority of invertebrates, many of which perform essential roles enabling healthy ecosystem functioning. The data on the few non-target species on which field tests have been performed are limited by major flaws in the outdated test protocols. Despite large knowledge gaps and uncertainties, enough knowledge exists to conclude that existing levels of pollution with neonicotinoids and fipronil resulting from presently authorized uses frequently exceed the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations and are thus likely to have large-scale and wide ranging negative biological and ecological impacts on a wide range of non-target invertebrates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and benthic habitats.
“…L'aldicarbe et ses métabolites sont considérés comme neurotoxiques (Blacker et al, 2010). L'aldicarbe est toxique pour les invertébrés, les crustacés, les poissons (El-Alfy et al, 2002;Osterberg et al, 2012 ) et même pour l'homme (Blacker et al, 2010). Par exemple, il est avéré que des concentrations d'aldicarbe supérieures à 1200 ng/L entraînent une toxicité aigüe pour certains invertébrés en milieu marin et qu'une concentration de 1500 ng/L conduit à une toxicité chronique.…”
Section: Niveaux De Concentration Et Risques éCologiquesunclassified
“…Par exemple, il est avéré que des concentrations d'aldicarbe supérieures à 1200 ng/L entraînent une toxicité aigüe pour certains invertébrés en milieu marin et qu'une concentration de 1500 ng/L conduit à une toxicité chronique. Les données sur la toxicité de l'aldicarbe indiquent que ce polluant peut entraîner une toxicité aigüe pour certaines espèces de poissons à partir de 281000 ng/L (Osterberg et al, 2012). Les concentrations d'aldicarbe observées dans cette étude pour les eaux de la baie de M'Badon, située dans la partie estuarienne de la lagune Ebrié, ont atteint des valeurs maximales de 2340 ng/L (moyenne 501 ± 741 ng/L).…”
Section: Niveaux De Concentration Et Risques éCologiquesunclassified
RESUME En Afrique, plusieurs familles de pesticides, susceptibles de nuire à la santé de l'homme et de l'environnement, sont utilisées contre les pestes et autres nuisibles. Cependant, la plupart des études menées se sont focalisées sur les organochlorés. La fréquence de détection et les concentrations des pesticides aldicarbe et crimidine ont été examinées dans les eaux et les sédiments autour de la décharge municipale d'Akouédo (Côte d'Ivoire). Les analyses ont été effectuées de juin 2013 à janvier 2014 par chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la méthode de détection par fluorescence, après une extraction liquide/liquide des eaux, et une extraction au soxhlet des sédiments. Les résultats ont montré une contamination significative des sédiments par l'aldicarbe et la crimidine à des fréquences de détection très élevées, contrairement aux eaux lagunaires et souterraines. Les concentrations ont été significativement plus élevées pendant la saison des crues dans les eaux et pendant la saison des pluies dans les sédiments. Ces résultats suggèrent que la crimidine est utilisée ou rejetée de façon illégale dans la zone d'étude, et que les niveaux de concentration de la crimidine et de l'aldicarbe dans la baie de M'Badon peuvent causer des risques de santé pour certains organismes aquatiques et les populations.
“…Given that fipronil desulfinyl was detected in C. sapidus eggs, and because juvenile blue crabs are established to be highly sensitive to pesticides (Osterberg et al, 2012), juvenile blue crabs were selected as test organisms in this investigation. Fipronil has also been shown to interfere with endocrine function in crustaceans (e.g.…”
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are now widely established to be present in the environment at concentrations capable of affecting wild organisms. Although many studies have been conducted in fish, less is known about effects in invertebrates such as decapod crustaceans. Decapods are exposed to low concentrations of EDCs that may cause infertility, decreased growth, and developmental abnormalities. The objective herein was to evaluate effects of fipronil and its photodegradation product fipronil desulfinyl. Fipronil desulfinyl was detected in the eggs of the decapod Callinectes sapidus sampled off the coast of South Carolina. As such, to examine specific effects on C. sapidus exposed in early life, we exposed laboratory-reared juveniles to fipronil and fipronil desulfinyl for 96h at three nominal concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.5μg/l) and two different salinities (10, 30ppt). The size of individual crabs (weight, carapace width) and the expression of several genes critical to growth and reproduction were evaluated. Exposure to fipronil and fipronil desulfinyl resulted in significant size increases in all treatments compared to controls. Levels of expression for vitellogenin (Vtg), an egg yolk precursor, and the ecdysone receptor (EcR), which binds to ecdysteroids that control molting, were inversely correlated with increasing fipronil and fipronil desulfinyl concentrations. Effects on overall growth and on the expression of EcR and Vtg differ depending on the exposure salinity. The solubility of fipronil is demonstrated to decrease considerably at higher salinities. This suggests that fipronil and its photodegradation products may be more bioavailable to benthic organisms as salinity increases, as more chemical would partition to tissues. Our findings suggest that endocrine disruption is occurring through alterations to gene expression in C. sapidus populations exposed to environmental levels of fipronil, and that effects may be dependent upon the salinity at which exposure occurs.
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