Acute toxic kidney injury

Abstract

Substances toxic to the kidney are legion in the modern world. The sheer number and variety, their mutual interactions and, metabolism within the body are a challenge to research. Moreover, the kidney is especially prone to injury owing to its physiology. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by poisonous or primarily nephrotoxic substances, may be community acquired with ingestion or inhalation or nosocomial. Many nephrotoxic plants, animal poisons, medications, chemicals and illicit drugs can induce AKI by varying pathophysiological pathways. Moreover, the epidemiology of toxic AKI varies depending on country, regions within countries, socioeconomic status and health care facilities. In this review, we have selected nephrotoxic insults due to medication, plants, animal including snake venom toxicity, environmental, (agri)chemicals and also illicit drugs. We conclude with a section on diagnosis, clinical presentation and management of poisoning accompanied by various organ dysfunction and AKI.

Prediction models for acute kidney injury in patients with gastrointestinal cancers: a real-world study based on Bayesian networks

“…These changes can further reduce renal perfusion and induce cell injury or death. Moreover, many anti-tumor drugs had potential nephrotoxicity [ 28 ]. It was reported that 80.1% of cancer patients had received such drugs [ 29 ].…”

The Utility of Novel Renal Biomarkers in Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu): A Review

“…Lysosomal proximal tubulopathy with abnormal enlarged dysmorphic lysosomes containing dispersed dark electron-dense aggregates, under light and electron microscopy, indicating a toxin-induced proximal tubular nephropathy in CKDu patients [ 6 , 43 ]. Indeed, varying levels of heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead, arsenic, vanadium, and other agrochemical constituents as well as other nephrotoxic compounds have been found in soil, drinking water, and food in CKDu endemic regions [ 29 , 44 , 45 ]. In contrast, in a recent study in CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, analysis of urine, hair, and renal tissue samples did not provide evidence to support cadmium or arsenic toxicity in CKDu patients.…”

A Highly Sensitive Fluorogenic Assay for the Detection of Nephrotoxin-Induced Oxidative Stress in Live Cells and Renal Tissue

“…To assess the potential of using TFCH for detecting nephrotoxins, we chose to focus on two standard cellular models for assessing small molecule toxicity: porcine kidney proximal tubule (LLC-PK1) cells and distal tubule-derived Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells [12,13]. We established our assay in these cell lines using SFM, menadione or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as stress induction models.…”