Acute Toxic Injuries of Rat’s Visceral Tissues Induced by Different Oximes

Abstract

Certain AChE reactivators, asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, and K075, when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the different organs. As a continuation of previously published data, in this study, Wistar rats have sacrificed 24 hrs and 7 days after single im application of 0.1LD50, 0.5LD50 and 1.0LD50 of each reactivator, and examinated tissue samples were obtained for pathohistological and semiquantitative analysis. A severity of tissue alteration, expressed as different tissue damage scores were evaluated. Morphological structure of examinated tissues treated with of 0.1LD50 of all reactivators was comparable with the control group of rats. Moderate injuries were seen in visceral tissues treated with 0.5LD50 of asoxime, obidoxime and K027. Acute damages were enlarged after treatment with 0.5LD50 and 1.0LD50 of all reactivators during the next 7 days. The most prominent changes were seen in rats treated with 1.0LD50 of K048 and K075 (P < 0.001 vs. control and asoxime-treated group). All reactivators given by a single, high, unitary dose regimen, have an adverse effect not only on the main visceral tissue, but on the whole rat as well, but the exact mechanism of cellular injury remains to be confirmed in further investigation.

Protective Effects of Simvastatin on Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury through Activation of Tubular Epithelial Cells’ Survival and Hindering Cytochrome C-Mediated Apoptosis

“…The whole visual field from each renal slice was analyzed and photographed at magnification 200×, by using a light microscope connected with a digital camera (BX-45, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for histopathological examination, as per our method previously published in the literature [42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. To assess the degree of renal damages, which consists of edema, hyperemia, neutrophils infiltration, glomerular cells' proliferation, and renal hemorrhages, a semi-quantitative 5-point scale was applied as previously described [43].…”

Trends in the Recent Patent Literature on Cholinesterase Reactivators (2016–2019)

“…As found in the literature, it was confirmed that all reactivators tested at high dosages caused damage to both visceral tissues and the overall health of the individual. The data obtained may be an important support for dose choices regarding different reactivators structures for newly developed drugs [71,72].…”

Amelioration of Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Alveolar Epithelial Cells Apoptosis by Simvastatin Is Associated with Up-Regulation of Survivin/NF-kB/p65 Pathway

“…For detailed histopathological and semiquantitative analyses, Olympus BKS-43 (Olympus Europa, Hamburg, Germany) with a digital camera and Cell D software (Olympus, Munster, Germany) were used. Complete analyses were performed by pathologists blind of the treatment groups as per our method previously published in the literature [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

“…The intensity of inflammatory injury of the lungs was scored and counted in 30 tissue slices per group (i.e., five tissues from each experimental group and six slices from each tissue) with a magnification of 200×, in accordance with previously published literature [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The severity grades were expressed as a pulmonary damage score (PDS), quantified, and precisely calculated.…”