Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition and dispersion

Strömgren, Tor; Sørstrøm, S.E.; Schou, L.; Kaarstad, I.; Aunaas, T.; Brakstad, Odd Gunnar; Johansen, Øistein

doi:10.1016/0141-1136(94)00143-d

Cited by 90 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, studies have implicated a range of different components that contribute toxicity to produced water. These include: zinc and hydrocarbons [8]; the aromatic and phenolic fraction [9,10]; and naphthenic acids [5]. Oilfield chemicals have also been reported to increase the "risk" (Roe et al [13]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide range of species have been used to investigate the toxicity of produced water (Somerville et al [7]; Stromgren et al [8]; Flynn et al [9]) including the marine bacterium Vibrio fisheri ( [7,9], Johnsen et al [10]; Whale [11]). The objectives have been to elucidate those components posing the greatest threat to the marine environment through an assessment of their toxicity and to compare the sensitivities of different test species.…”

Section: Produced Water Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies of produced water toxicity using luminescent marine bacteria

Grigson¹,

Cheong²,

Way³

2006

WIT Transactions on Biomedicine and Health, Vol 10

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The main aqueous discharge from oil production platforms is produced water (PW). Produced water is contaminated with a range of pollutants including crude oil, inorganic salts, trace metals, dissolved gases, produced solids and oilfield chemical residues. Concern has been expressed on the impact these discharges, and particularly the dissolved oil component, may be having on the marine environment. In this investigation the toxicity of synthetic produced waters contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons was compared to PW samples received from the field using the luminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fisheri. The objective was to correlate toxicity to specific PW components. Initial studies of individual oil components showed that both aromatic and aliphatic compounds exhibited toxicity. Naphthalene was the most toxic aromatic compound measured and cycloheptane the most toxic aliphatic. For benzenes, toxicity increased with alkyl substitution. Synthetic PW samples, based on the composition of those obtained offshore, had lower toxicities than the field PW samples. The addition of oilfield chemicals at dosage levels used offshore increased the toxicity of the synthetic PW mixtures, but not to the original values. Removal of the oil components by solid-phase extraction reduced PW toxicity in both synthetic and real samples. The results suggest that a range of hydrocarbons, both aliphatic and aromatic, along with heavy metals and oilfield chemical residues, contribute to the toxicity of produced water. Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons significantly reduces the acute toxicity of produced water. However, differences in toxicity between real and synthetic PW samples suggest that components other than hydrocarbons, heavy metals and oilfield chemical residues, are also influencing the toxicity of the effluent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Produced Water Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of produced water toxicity using luminescent marine bacteria

Grigson¹,

Cheong²,

Way³

2006

WIT Transactions on Biomedicine and Health, Vol 10

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“…These constituents include major ions (Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, SO 4 ), ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylenes), phenols, naphthalenes, zinc, and other heavy metals (Fucik 1992;Schiff et al 1992;Stromgren et al 1995;Smith et al 1998;Kharaka et al 2005). These constituents vary between and within different geologic basins depending on geology and hydrology (Daly and Mesing 1995;Collins 1985).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Validation of Toxicity Tests to Evaluate the Potential for Beneficial Use of Produced Water

Bidwell¹,

Fisher²,

Cooper³

2013

The Effects of Induced Hydraulic Fracturing on the Environment

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This study investigated potential biological effects of produced water contamination derived from occasional surface overflow and possible subsurface intrusion at an oil production site along the shore of Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma. We monitored basic chemistry and acute toxicity to a suite of standard aquatic test species (fathead minnowPimephales promelas, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia) in produced water and in samples taken from shallow groundwater wells on the site. Toxicity identification evaluations and ion toxicity modeling were used to identify toxic constituents in the samples. Lake sediment at the oil production site and at a reference site were also analyzed for brine intrusion chemically and by testing sediment toxicity using the benthic invertebrates, Chironomus dilutus, and Hyallela azteca. Sediment quality was also assessed with in situ survival and growth studies with H. azteca and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and by benthic macroinvertebrate community sampling.The produced water was acutely toxic to the aquatic test organisms at concentrations ranging from 1% to 10% of the whole produced water sample. Toxicity identification evaluation and ion toxicity modeling indicated major ion salts and hydrocarbons were the primary mixture toxicants. The standardized test species used in the laboratory bioassays exhibited differences in sensitivity to these two general classes of contaminants, which underscores the importance of using multiple species when evaluating produced water toxicity. Toxicity of groundwater was greater in samples from wells near a produced water injection well and an evaporation pond. Principle component analyses (PCA) of chemical data derived from the groundwater wells indicated dilution by lake water and possible biogeochemical reactions as factors that ameliorated groundwater toxicity. Elevated concentrations of major ions were found in pore water from lake sediments, but toxicity from these ions was limited to sediment depths of 10 cm or greater, which is outside of the primary zone of biological activity. Further, exposure to site sediments did not have any effects on test organisms, and macroinvertebrate communities did not indicate impairment at the oil production site as compared to a reference site. In situ experiments with H. azteca and C. fluminea, indicated a sublethal site effect (on growth of both species), but these could not be definitively linked with produced water infiltration. Severe weather conditions (drought followed by flooding) negatively influenced the intensity of lake sampling aimed at delineating produced water infiltration.Due to the lack of clear evidence of produced water infiltration into the sub-littoral zone of the lake, it was not possible to assess whether the laboratory bioassays of produced water effectively indicate risk in the receiving system. However, the acutely toxic nature of the produced water and general lack of biological effects in the lake at the oil production site suggest minimal to no produced w...

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“…Its disposal is carried out through the reinjection into the reservoir, the discharge into the ocean or the transport onshore. After the release into the sea, the produced water undergoes several different processes such as the dilution into the ambient fluid (which may occur more or less rapidly depending on local oceanographic conditions), the evaporation and biodegradation (that change the concentration and composition), the volatilization towards the atmosphere and the settling at the bottom (Stromgren et al, 1995 and references therein).…”

Section: Impacts Related To Main Waste Fluid Discharged From Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach Integrating Chemistry and Toxicity for Monitoring the Offshore Platform Impacts

Manfra¹,

Maggi²

2012

Advances in Natural Gas Technology

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Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition and dispersion

Cited by 90 publications

References 23 publications

Studies of produced water toxicity using luminescent marine bacteria

Studies of produced water toxicity using luminescent marine bacteria

Field Validation of Toxicity Tests to Evaluate the Potential for Beneficial Use of Produced Water

An Approach Integrating Chemistry and Toxicity for Monitoring the Offshore Platform Impacts

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