Acute systemic inflammation induces central mitochondrial damage and mnesic deficit in adult Swiss mice

Effects of Centrally Administered Etanercept on Behavior, Microglia, and Astrocytes in Mice Following a Peripheral Immune Challenge

“…The lack of significant effects of etanercept in cognition-like behavior in our study may be linked to the time delay between LPS administration and etanercept treatment. As major effects of LPS on cognition have previously only been reported up to 24 h post-LPS (Noble et al, 2007), the present study may have missed the peak of cognitive dysfunction, although significant deficits were still noted in the LPS-treated mice. Thus measuring the efficacy of etanercept at an earlier time point post-LPS administration may be necessary to observe significant treatment effects on cognition-like behavior.…”

“…This corresponds with previous studies that showed that while the peak of peripheral LPS activity, marked by increased cytokine expression, occurs 4-8 h postadministration, its central effects are delayed. Indeed, it is reported that LPS-related effects on cognition-like behavior manifest as early as 4 h and are present up to 24 h postadministration, while depression-like behaviors are evident only from 6 h, up to 24 h postadministration (Frenois et al, 2007;Noble et al, 2007). In our study, we extended these findings by determining that changes in cognition and anxiety-like behavior were still present 48 h after LPS administration, although the peak effects of LPS-induced behavioral changes may have been missed due to the delay between LPS treatment and behavioral analyses.…”

Acute Behavioral Effects of Intrapleural OK-432 (Picibanil) Administration in Preterm Fetal Sheep

“…In the fetal sheep, Yan and colleagues have demonstrated that blood-brain barrier permeability is increased in the fetal brain after exposure to endotoxin, suggesting that cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory substances can pass from the circulation into the brain after peripheral inflammatory stimulation [31] . LPS has been associated with marked mitochondrial dysfunction after local injection in the striatum of adult rats [32] , and peripheral injection in adult mice [33] . Similar evidence of mitochondrial injury and reduced function during exposure to LPS have been reported in other tissues including the liver in adult cats [34] and rats [35] and muscle in the pig [36] .…”

The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium

“…In contrast, IL-10 seems to counterbalance the effects of IL-1 and IL-6, inhibiting behavioural and cognitive consequences of peripheral inflammation [77,112] (Table 5). Likewise, decreased hippocampal decreased expression of brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) and increased oxidative stress with mitochondrial dysfunction have also been implicated in deficits of learning and memory associated with neuroinflammation [101,130]. These data suggest that the combined action of locally brain produced ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases, NO and chemokines induce functional changes in neurons, affecting processes such as synaptic plasticity and longterm potentiation, and can impair learning and memory [91].…”