Acute Subclavian or Axillary Vein Occlusion During Biventricular Pacemaker Implantation

Abstract

During biventricular pacemaker implantation, multiple punctures of the subclavian vein were performed and venous occlusion was apparent during the procedure, which in one case was stopped before lead insertion and in the other patient new access has to be forced through the occlusion by removing one of the already implanted leads. For implanting physicians, it is important to know that acute venous occlusion may occur during lead implantation.

Acute superior vena cava syndrome after insertion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator

“…In literature, there have been described cases of acute subclavian or axillary vein thrombotic occlusion during biventricular or ICD implantation [7,8]; however, collective data from many case reports show that SVCS may occur as early as 2 days or as late as 206 months (average 75±66 months) after permanent PM insertion [9].…”

Venous Thrombosis after Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: Pacemaker Leads as a Possible Cause

“…ASVT has also been associated with vein catheters and electrodes for pacemakers [3,6,12,19,20,23]. Our particular patient had a medical history significant for pacemaker placement with subsequent replacement, approximately 3 years prior to the arthroscopic shoulder procedure.…”

Cardiac rehabilitation in pacing venous occlusions

“…Central venous occlusion in pacing patients is often asymptomatic [80][81][82][83][84] due to development of an adequate venous collateral circulation but can cause more difficulties in patients needing of device revision/upgrade/extraction requiring advanced tools and more time [80][81][82][83][84]. Several pacing venous occlusions have also been described including superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion [84][85][86][87], subclavian vein occlusion [88,89], axillary vein occlusion [90], inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion [91], subtotal innominate vein occlusion [92], and internal jugular vein occlusion [93]. Moreover permanent pacemaker-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis has been found [94] having risk factors like diabetes, most frequently, followed by smoking, hypertension, obesity with body mass index ≥30, history of acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and history of congestive cardiac failure (15%) and responding to anticoagulation therapy while antiplatelets were not found protective [94].…”