Acute stress shortens the time to onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice

Chandler, N.; Jacobson, Stanley; Esposito, Pamela; Connolly, Raymond J.; Theoharides, Theoharis C.

doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00028-4

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This level of restraint stress correlates with elevated levels of serum corticosterone and decreased levels of many proinflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, acute stress appears to worsen several neuroinflammatory disorders, including EAE (5,6).…”

Section: Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Encefalomielitis alérgica experimental en ratas sometidas a restricción calórica

Esquifino

Cano

Jiménez

et al. 2004

J. Physiol. Biochem.

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This work analyzes the effect of calorie restriction on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Plasma levels of ACTH, corticosterone, prolactin and growth hormone (GH) and mitogenic responses in submaxillary lymph nodes were measured. Male Lewis rats (6 weeks-old) were submitted to a calorie restriction equivalent to 66% of food restriction or to a normal diet. Fifteen days later, rats were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant plus spinal chord homogenate (SCH) or with complete Freund's adjuvant alone. Rats were monitored daily for clinical signs of EAE and were killed on day 15 after immunization. Only rats subjected to normal diet exhibited clinical signs of the disease. The increase in plasma ACTH and corticosterone found after SCH immunization in controls was not detectable in calorie restricted rats. Likewise, the correlation between circulating ACTH and corticosterone was no longer found after calorie restriction. Generally, calorie restriction by itself augmented plasma ACTH or corticosterone and this increase was not further amplified by SCH immunization. Only calorie restricted rats exhibited augmented plasma prolactin levels after SCH immunization, and decreased plasma GH levels regardless of immunization. Calorie restriction depressed the mitogenic response of lymphoid cells to concanavalin A but not to lipopolysaccharide. Calorie restricted rats did not exhibit augmented mitogenic response to concanavalin A following SCH immunization as those found in controls. The results are compatible with the view that the course of EAE can be significantly modified by caloric restriction.

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Section: Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Encefalomielitis alérgica experimental en ratas sometidas a restricción calórica

Esquifino

Cano

Jiménez

et al. 2004

J. Physiol. Biochem.

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“…Acute stress by immobilization increased BBB permeability that was dependent on mast cells (7) and CRR (24), typically released under stress. Acute stress was also shown to shorten the time of onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice (25), These findings are relevant in view of the fact that acute stress has been correlated to new episodes and brain lesions in MS patients (8). In fact, recent findings (9) including a meta analysis (10) have correlated stress and MS attacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A Pilot, Open Label, Clinical Trial Using Hydroxyzine in Multiple Sclerosis

Logothetis¹,

Mylonas²,

Baloyannis

et al. 2005

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of myelin destruction. Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption precedes pathological or clinical findings and could involve mediators from perivascular brain mast cells, such as histamine and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Mast cells could be activated by many triggers, including acute stress that has been correlated with MS exacerbations. We considered that the histamine-1 (HI) receptor antagonist hydroxyzine, which also partially inhibits brain mast cells and has anxiolytic properties, may reduce MS symptoms. This open label, pilot, clinical trial investigated the effect on MS of an oral solution of hydroxyzine (100 mg per day), together with caffeine (200 mg per day) to reduce sedation. Twenty patients (8 males; 12 females) with relapsing-remitting or relapsing-progressive MS completed the study (12 ± 1 months) and were evaluated using disability scales. Most patients on hydroxyzine (75%) remained stable or improved neurologically and all but one showed improved mood. Hydroxyzine could be used as an adjuvant in MS, but the small number of patients enrolled and the short duration of the study precludes any definitive conclusions. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study is warranted.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a human demyelinating disease characterized by brain edema and perivascular infiltrates ("cuffing") of mononuclear cells accompanied by various degrees of neurologic disability (1-2). Affected areas fill with fibrotic tissue forming the MS plaques that also contain activated mast cells (3). Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown precedes any pathological or clinical signs of MS (4-5). Acute stress can disrupt the BBB in rats (6). Most recently, acute stress was shown to increase BBB permeability to 99 Technetium-g1uceptatethrough the involvement ofbrain mast cells (7) and corticotropinreleasing-hormone (eRR) (7). It is, therefore, of interest that MS symptoms can be precipitated by psychological stress (8-9); a meta analysis and two recent publications confirmed a correlation between stress and MS attacks (10).Mast cells are typically activated by 19E and specific antigen in allergic reactions, as well as in innate and acquired (11) immunity. They have also been increasingly implicated in neuroinflammatory conditions, especially those worsened by stress (12). Mast cells have been associated with brain demyelination (13)(14) and are activated in

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“…Breakdown of BBB integrity has been documented to precede any clinical symptoms or pathological findings in MS (Kermode et al, 1990), and symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS often appear to worsen by psychological stress (Mei-Tal et al, 1970;Goodin et al, 1999). Therefore, it is relevant that acute restraint stress significantly shortened the onset of experimental allergic EAE in rats (Chandler et al, 2002). EAE has been associated with increased and activated hypothalamic mast cells (Dimitriadou et al, 2000), while the severity of EAE was reduced and the onset delayed in W/W v mast cell mice (Secor et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Brain Mast Cells Regulate Blood-Brain-Barrier Permeability Induced by Acute Stress

Esposito

Chandler

Kandere

et al. 2002

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

221

133

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Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), leading to production of glucocorticoids that down-regulate immune responses. Acute stress, however, also has proinflammatory effects that seem to be mediated through the activation of mast cells. Stress and mast cells have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions, including some in the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis in which disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) precedes clinical symptoms. We previously showed that acute restraint stress increases rat BBB permeability to intravenous 99 Tc gluceptate and that administration of the "mast cell stabilizer" disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) inhibits this effect. In this study, we show that the CRH-receptor antagonist Antalarmin blocks stress-induced 99 Tc extravasation, whereas site-specific injection of CRH in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus mimics acute stress. This latter effect is blocked by pretreatment of the PVN with cromolyn; moreover, restraint stress cannot disrupt the BBB in the diencephalon and cerebellum of W/W v mast cell-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that CRH and mast cells are involved in regulating BBB permeability and, possibly, brain inflammatory disorders exacerbated by acute stress.

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Acute stress shortens the time to onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice

Cited by 40 publications

References 41 publications

Encefalomielitis alérgica experimental en ratas sometidas a restricción calórica

Encefalomielitis alérgica experimental en ratas sometidas a restricción calórica

A Pilot, Open Label, Clinical Trial Using Hydroxyzine in Multiple Sclerosis

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Brain Mast Cells Regulate Blood-Brain-Barrier Permeability Induced by Acute Stress

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