Acute stress increases venomotor tone in conscious rats

Martin, Douglas; Appelt, Christopher W.; Rodrigo, Manoj C.; Egland, M.C.

doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.h1375

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The pressure during mental stressors was lower than pressure during voluntary contraction of the external anal sphincter. However, alfuzosin did not block the anal contractile response during the Stroop test, which suggests that this response may also be mediated by other mechanisms, such as adrenergic α 2 receptors that mediate the anal contractile response to electrical stimulation in dogs and venoconstriction induced by acute stress in animal models …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin

Muthyala

Feuerhak

Harmsen

et al. 2019

Neurogastroenterology Motil

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Defecatory disorders (DD) result from reduced rectal propulsive forces and/or decreased anal relaxation during defecation. 1,2 Among those with DD, nearly 48% have a psychiatric diagnosis (44% with depression and 17% with anxiety), 30% have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 18% have a history of abuse before the DD is diagnosed. 3 Whether anxiety and depression predispose to or are a consequence of DD is unknown. While mental stress can induce colonic sensorimotor dysfunctions, the effects of mental stress and relaxation on the anal sphincter have not been evaluated. 4,5 AbstractBackground: Our aim is to explain the lack of clarity in the ways in which anxiety and depression, which are common in defecatory disorders (DD), may contribute to the disorder. In this study, we evaluate the effects of mental stress and relaxation on anal pressures and the mechanisms thereof. Methods:In 38 healthy women and 36 DD patients, rectoanal pressures were assessed at rest and during mental stressors (ie, word-color conflict [Stroop] and mental arithmetic tests) and mental relaxation, before and after randomization to placebo or the adrenergic α 1 -antagonist alfuzosin. Key Results:During the baseline Stroop test, the anal pressure increased by 6 ± 13 mm Hg (mean ± SD, P = 0.004) in healthy women and 9 ± 10 mm Hg (P = 0.0001) in constipated women. During mental arithmetic, the anal pressure increased in healthy (4 ± 8 mm Hg, P = 0.002) and constipated women (5 ± 9 mm Hg, P = 0.004). After relaxation, anal pressure declined (P = 0.0004) by 3 ± 4 mm Hg in DD patients but not in controls. Alfuzosin reduced (P = 0.0001) anal resting pressure (by 31 ± 19 mm Hg) vs placebo (16 ± 18 mm Hg). However, during the postdrug Stroop test, anal pressure increased (P = 0.0001) in participants who received alfuzosin but not placebo. Conclusions & Inferences:In healthy controls and DD patients, mental stressors likely increased anal pressure by contracting the internal anal sphincter; relaxation reduced anal pressure in DD patients. Alfuzosin reduced anal resting pressure but did not block the Stroop-mediated contractile response, which suggests that this response is not entirely mediated by adrenergic α 1 receptors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin

Muthyala

Feuerhak

Harmsen

et al. 2019

Neurogastroenterology Motil

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“…Arterial vascular tone in the finger tip is heightened due to α -adrenergic sympathetic activity during exposure to stressful stimulus (Barcroft, 1960;Miller & Ditto, 1991). Although a similar venous phenomenon will occur (Martin, Appelt, Rodrigo & Egland, 1996), the increase in the venous vascular tone in the finger tip seems to be moderate. Subsequently, the total blood volume will decrease moderately as it is affected much more by alterations in the venous vascular tone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of pre‐operative anxiety and propofol‐induced sedation using newly proposed indices of finger vascular tone

et al. 2002

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This study examined estimates of finger vascular tone, obtained from photoplethysmography. Normalized and double-normalized pulse volume (NPV and DNPV), blood volume (BV), and pulse volume (PV) were obtained in 2 male and 7 female middle-aged patients at an outpatient office 1-3 days before an operation and in the operating room before and after anesthesia by propofol. There was a preoperative decrease in NPV, and the propofol injection yielded a moderate increase in BV. The latter seemed to contribute to a decrease in DNPV. A partial correlation controlling for body mass index was observed between the change in NPV and the dose of propofol; a larger reduction in NPV before anesthesia compared with the control condition was accompanied by the need for a greater infusion of propofol for sedation. In conclusion, among the measures examined, NPV appears to be the best indicator of heightened arteriolar vascular tone.

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“…An increase in the total peripheral resistance during stress was reported in borderline hypertensive rats (Hatton et al, 1997 ). However, studies in normotensive animals documented little or no change in this parameter (Hubbard et al, 1986 ; Martin et al, 1996 ; Zhang et al, 1996 ; Schadt and Hasser, 1998 ), indicating that vasodilation mostly balanced vasoconstriction. Therefore, the increase in cardiac output is possibly the main mechanism mediating the moderate increase in arterial pressure during aversive threats in rodents.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Responses To Stress: Influence Of Chronicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the increase in cardiac output is possibly the main mechanism mediating the moderate increase in arterial pressure during aversive threats in rodents. In this regard, hemodynamic changes during stress also include an increase in venomotor tone via activation of α 2 -adrenoceptors (Martin et al, 1996 ; Schadt and Hasser, 1998 ), which increase venous return and contribute to stress-induced increase in the cardiac output.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Responses To Stress: Influence Of Chronicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Animal Models: A Review of the Influence of Stress Type

Crestani

2016

Front. Physiol.

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Emotional stress has been recognized as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The impact of stress on physiological and psychological processes is determined by characteristics of the stress stimulus. For example, distinct responses are induced by acute vs. chronic aversive stimuli. Additionally, the magnitude of stress responses has been reported to be inversely related to the degree of predictability of the aversive stimulus. Therefore, the purpose of the present review was to discuss experimental research in animal models describing the influence of stressor stimulus characteristics, such as chronicity and predictability, in cardiovascular dysfunctions induced by emotional stress. Regarding chronicity, the importance of cardiovascular and autonomic adjustments during acute stress sessions and cardiovascular consequences of frequent stress response activation during repeated exposure to aversive threats (i.e., chronic stress) is discussed. Evidence of the cardiovascular and autonomic changes induced by chronic stressors involving daily exposure to the same stressor (predictable) vs. different stressors (unpredictable) is reviewed and discussed in terms of the impact of predictability in cardiovascular dysfunctions induced by stress.

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Acute stress increases venomotor tone in conscious rats

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin

Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin

Evaluation of pre‐operative anxiety and propofol‐induced sedation using newly proposed indices of finger vascular tone

Emotional Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Animal Models: A Review of the Influence of Stress Type

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