Acute reversible cataract induced by xylazine and by ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats and mice

Calderone, Luigi; Grimes, Patricia A.; Shalev, Moshe

doi:10.1016/0014-4835(86)90026-6

Cited by 109 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…The ocular opacity noted in some mice which received etorphine/methotrimeprazine appeared similar to the reversible cataracts reported in association with ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia [Calderone et al 1986). The condition appears to be a specific reaction to the drug, but is also related to drying of the eye since it was not seen when animals had their eyes taped shut.…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

The use of etorphine/methotrimeprazine and midazolam as an anaesthetic technique in laboratory rats and mice

Whelan

Flecknell

1994

Lab Anim

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SummaryThe results of a preliminary evaluation of etorphine/methotrimeprazine ['Small Animal Immobilon') and midazolam in rats and mice are reported, and this regimen is compared to fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam in mice. In rats, a surgical plane of anaesthesia with good muscle relaxation was produced, but blood gas analysis showed the presence of severe hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis. In mice etorphine/methotrimeprazine/midazolam and fentanyllfluanisone/midazolam produced adequate anaesthesia, but blood gas analysis showed severe respiratory depression with both regimens. Since etorphine/methotrimeprazine/midazolam produced severe respiratory depression in rats and mice it is suggested that this regimen is used with caution. Administration of supplemental oxygen would seem advisable when using either etorphine/methotrimeprazine/midazolam or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam in rats and mice.

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supporting

confidence: 55%

The use of etorphine/methotrimeprazine and midazolam as an anaesthetic technique in laboratory rats and mice

Whelan

Flecknell

1994

Lab Anim

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“…Injectable avertin is the least complicated as it allows for easy manipulation of the mouse in contrast to vaporized anesthesia delivered via nose cone. It is advisable to avoid the combination of ketamine and xylazine as well due to its association with corneal lesions in rodents 16,17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Corneal Micropocket Assay: A Model of Angiogenesis in the Mouse Eye

Birsner

Benny

D’Amato

2014

JoVE

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The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slowrelease pellets containing specific growth factors that trigger blood vessel growth throughout the naturally avascular cornea, angiogenesis can be measured and quantified. In this assay the angiogenic response is generated over the course of several days, depending on the type and dose of growth factor used. The induction of neovascularization is commonly triggered by either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By combining these growth factors with sucralfate and hydron (poly-HEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate))) and casting the mixture into pellets, they can be surgically implanted in the mouse eye. These uniform pellets slowly-release the growth factors over five or six days (bFGF or VEGF respectively) enabling sufficient angiogenic response required for vessel area quantification using a slit lamp. This assay can be used for different applications, including the evaluation of angiogenic modulator drugs or treatments as well as comparison between different genetic backgrounds affecting angiogenesis. A skilled investigator after practicing this assay can implant a pellet in less than 5 min per eye. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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“…In Figure 1B, an acute reversible cataract was observed as previously reported following ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, and fully disappeared within 24 hours. 19 Following suture implantation, antibiotic ointment (Ak-Poly-Bac, Akorn) was applied to the eye. The fellow control eye was untreated and served as a within animal control.…”

Section: Iop Induction and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension Induced by Circumlimbal Suture

Liu

Flanagan

2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To develop a chronic ocular hypertension mouse model by inducing intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation using a suture technique previously developed for rats.METHODS. C57BL/6 mice were given monocular circumlimbal suture (10/0) placement under anesthesia (ketamine/xylazine). The suture was left in place for 12 weeks (n ¼ 10). A control group had the same treatment while it was removed after day 1 (n ¼ 10). Intraocular pressure, electroretinogram (ERG), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were measured in both groups for 12 weeks. At week 12, animals were euthanized and retina was harvested for histologic assessment.RESULTS. In the group with extended suture placement, IOP spiked from 14.3 6 0.9 to 48.4 6 4.8 mm Hg immediately after suture implantation. At day 1, it declined to 33.2 6 3.7 mm Hg and remained elevated for 12 weeks. In the suture removal group, IOP normalized to baseline within a day following suture removal. In the group with prolonged IOP elevation, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) mediated ERG responses continued to exacerbate and were significantly reduced by week 12 (P < 0.001). Progressive loss of retinal nerve fiber layer was found and it became significant from week 4 (P < 0.001). At week 12, significant loss of RGCs (P < 0.001) was noted. In the IOP normalization group, no alteration in ERG, OCT, and RGC counting was observed.CONCLUSIONS. The circumlimbal suture approach produces a mild chronic IOP elevation in mice. Functional and structural changes under model induction are largely independent of the initial IOP spike.Keywords: glaucoma, intraocular pressure, electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, ganglion cell G laucoma is a chronic ocular disease, which is characterized by selective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and progressive visual field loss. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor for disease development, and IOP lowering is the mainstay of disease management. [1][2][3] Over the past few decades, a variety of rodent models have been developed to simulate human glaucoma. [4][5][6][7] These models aim to induce either acute or chronic ocular hypertension leading to glaucomatous-like changes. By using such models, investigators have made significant insights into understanding the pathogenesis of the disease.Previously, a rat model of chronic IOP elevation using conjunctival circumlimbal suture was developed. 8,9 This minimally invasive technique employed the concept of oculopression to produce elevated IOP. [10][11][12] An advantage of the suture compression model is that it is not associated with ocular tissue penetration or traumatization, and therefore relatively preserves the immune privilege of the eye. It was reported that a mild, chronic IOP elevation was induced for at least 15 weeks following an initial IOP spike that appeared immediately after suture placement. Progressive loss of RGC function, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect, and eventual cell death in the ganglion cell layer were observed under model induction, ...

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Acute reversible cataract induced by xylazine and by ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats and mice

Cited by 109 publications

References 11 publications

The use of etorphine/methotrimeprazine and midazolam as an anaesthetic technique in laboratory rats and mice

The use of etorphine/methotrimeprazine and midazolam as an anaesthetic technique in laboratory rats and mice

The Corneal Micropocket Assay: A Model of Angiogenesis in the Mouse Eye

A Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension Induced by Circumlimbal Suture

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