Acute resistance exercise using free weights on aortic wave reflection characteristics

Abstract

Aortic wave reflection characteristics such as the augmentation index (AIx), wasted left ventricular pressure energy (ΔE ) and aortic haemodynamics, such as aortic systolic blood pressure (ASBP), strongly predict cardiovascular events. The effects of acute resistance exercise (ARE) using free-weight exercises on these characteristics are unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of acute free-weight resistance exercise on aortic wave reflection characteristics and aortic haemodynamics in resistance-trained individuals. Fifteen young, healthy resistance-trained (9 ± 3 years) individuals performed two randomized sessions consisting of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (ARE) or a quiet control (CON). The ARE consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% one repetition maximum for squat, bench press and deadlift. In CON, the participants rested in the supine position for 30 min. Measurements were made at baseline before sessions and 10 min after sessions. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of condition across time. There were no significant interactions for aortic or brachial blood pressures. Compared to rest, there were significant increases in augmentation pressure (rest: 5·7 ± 3·0 mmHg; recovery: 10·4 ± 5·7 mmHg, P = 0·002), AIx (rest: 116·8 ± 4·2%; recovery: 123·2 ± 8·4%, P = 0·002), AIx normalized at 75 bpm (rest: 5·2 ± 7·6%; recovery: 27·3 ± 13·2%, P<0·0001), ΔE (rest: 1215 ± 674 dynes s cm ; recovery: 2096 ± 1182 dynes s cm , P = 0·008), and there was a significant decrease in transit time of the reflected wave (rest: 150·7 ± 5·8 ms; recovery 145·5 ± 5·6 ms, P<0·001) during recovery from ARE compared to CON. These data suggest that ARE using free-weight exercises may have no effect on aortic and brachial blood pressure but may significantly alter aortic wave reflection characteristics.

Acute Effects of Exercise Mode on Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection in Healthy Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Participants' baseline physical activity status, although not reported in all studies, ranged from sedentary to highly physically active. Nine studies (Sharman et al, 2008 ; Fahs et al, 2009 ; Collier et al, 2010 ; Gkaliagkousi et al, 2014 ; Hanssen et al, 2015 ; Kingsley et al, 2016 ; Perdomo et al, 2016 ; Thiebaud et al, 2016 ; Tai et al, 2018 ) reported an a priori sample size calculation.…”

“…The study designs were variable and included 17 cross-over studies (Kingwell et al, 1997 ; Heffernan et al, 2007c , d ; Barnes et al, 2010 ; Collier et al, 2010 ; Yoon et al, 2010 ; Figueroa and Vicil, 2011 ; Ranadive et al, 2012 ; Ribeiro et al, 2014 ; Hanssen et al, 2015 ; Lefferts et al, 2015 ; Siasos et al, 2016a , b ; Thiebaud et al, 2016 ; Kobayashi et al, 2017 ; Yan et al, 2017 ; Tai et al, 2018 ), 24 pre-post interventions (Heffernan et al, 2006 , 2007a , b ; Lydakis et al, 2008 ; Munir et al, 2008 ; Peres et al, 2010 ; Boutcher et al, 2011 ; Doonan et al, 2011 , 2013 ; Hull et al, 2011 ; Hu et al, 2013 ; Lane et al, 2013 ; Gkaliagkousi et al, 2014 ; Yan et al, 2014 ; Burr et al, 2015 ; Chandrakumar et al, 2015 ; Mak and Lai, 2015 ; Milatz et al, 2015 ; Sugawara et al, 2015 ; Sun et al, 2015 ; Kingsley et al, 2016 ; Melo et al, 2016 ; Moore et al, 2016 ; Perdomo et al, 2016 ) and four randomized, controlled trials utilizing a pharmaceutical/placebo design (Sharman et al, 2008 ; Fahs et al, 2009 ; Campbell et al, 2011 ; Lin et al, 2016 ). Thirty-four studies assessed the effects of aerobic exercise (Table 2 ) and 13 examined the effects of resistance exercise (Table 3 ); two of these studies (Heffernan et al, 2007d ; Collier et al, 2010 ) compared the effects of aerobic vs. resistance exercise.…”

“…Different assessment techniques, including automated devices, applanation tonometry/calculation, and direct/subtraction methods, have been utilized with variable findings after aerobic exercise. Further, several studies (Lydakis et al, 2008 ; Munir et al, 2008 ; Peres et al, 2010 ; Hull et al, 2011 ; Ranadive et al, 2012 ; Hu et al, 2013 ; Gkaliagkousi et al, 2014 ; Burr et al, 2015 ; Sun et al, 2015 ; Melo et al, 2016 ; Kingsley et al, 2017 ; Yan et al, 2017 ; Tai et al, 2018 ) failed to report separate cf-PWV values for female and male participants with the known inherent sex differences in cf-PWV at rest and following exercise (Doonan et al, 2013 ) potentially impeding valid comparisons between studies.…”

Commentary: Acute Effects of Exercise Mode on Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection in Healthy Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…It is influenced by the timing and the amplitude of the forward traveling wave and the reflected wave (Wilkinson et al, 2000). Following resistance exercise there appears to be a significant impact on measures of pulse wave reflection (Fahs et al, 2009;Yoon et al, 2010;Kingsley et al, 2017;Tai et al, 2018). This is further supported by the meta-analysis of Pierce et al (2018).…”

“…However, while we were excited that our previous study, and data, are used in the meta-analysis by Pierce et al (2018), we do have some concerns. Specifically, our primary concern revolves around the data taken from our article, Tai et al (2018) In our article, Tai et al, the AIx that was published was the peripheral AIx, and we did not correct it for changes in pulse pressure, the review article by Pierce et al cited…”