Acute Radiation Syndrome

Young, Robert W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-184050-1.50011-x

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In accordance with previous experiments (12, 13), the event frequency, latency and duration of the retching and vomiting events are characteristics defining the prodromal period of ARS and are reported here. While others have evaluated proton-induced retching and vomiting previously (14), the RBE for SPE-like proton irradiation on these behavioral endpoints has not been determined.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Solar Particle Event Proton Radiation on Parameters Related to Ferret Emesis

et al. 2013

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The effectiveness of simulated solar particle event (SPE) proton radiation to induce retching and vomiting was evaluated in the ferret experimental animal model. The endpoints measured in the study included: (1) the fraction of animals that retched or vomited, (2) the number of retches or vomits observed, (3) the latency period before the first retch or vomit and (4) the duration between the first and last retching or vomiting events. The results demonstrated that γ ray and proton irradiation delivered at a high dose rate of 0.5 Gy/min induced dose-dependent changes in the endpoints related to retching and vomiting. The minimum radiation doses required to induce statistically significant changes in retching- and vomiting-related endpoints were 0.75 and 1.0 Gy, respectively, and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of proton radiation at the high dose rate did not significantly differ from 1. Similar but less consistent and smaller changes in the retching- and vomiting-related endpoints were observed for groups irradiated with γ rays and protons delivered at a low dose rate of 0.5 Gy/h. Since this low dose rate is similar to a radiation dose rate expected during a SPE, these results suggest that the risk of SPE radiation-induced vomiting is low and may reach statistical significance only when the radiation dose reaches 1 Gy or higher.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Solar Particle Event Proton Radiation on Parameters Related to Ferret Emesis

et al. 2013

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“…Within a few hours or days after exposure to a significant dose of total body irradiation (TBI), a series of characteristic clinical complications termed the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) appear. 24–30 Significant injury as a function of increasing IR doses indicates that the hematopoietic system is the most radiosensitive tissue of the body, followed by the gastrointestinal system, and finally neural and cardiovascular tissues. The severity and duration of bone marrow (BM) suppression is dose-dependent at TBI greater than 1 Gy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An oral HemokineTM, α-methylhydrocinnamate, enhances myeloid and neutrophil recovery following irradiation in vivo

Faller

Castañeda

Zhou³

et al. 2017

Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases

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An oral therapeutic which reduces duration of cytopenias and is active following accidental radiation exposures is an unmet need in radiation countermeasures. Alpha methylhydrocinnamate (ST7) prolongs STAT-5 phosphorylation, reduces growth-factor dependency of multi-lineage cell lines, and stimulates erythropoiesis. Here, ST7 and its isomers were studied for their effects on myeloid progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) following radiation, in nonhuman primates, and murine irradiation models. Addition of ST7 or ST7-S increased CFU-GM production by 1.7-fold (p<0.001), reduced neutrophil apoptosis comparable to G-CSF, and enhanced HSC survival post-radiation by 2-fold, (p=0.028). ST7 and ST7-S administered in normal baboons increased ANC and platelet counts by 50–400%. In sub-lethally-irradiated mice, ANC nadir remained >200/mm3 and neutropenia recovered in 6 days with ST7 treatment and 18 days in controls (p<0.05). In lethally-irradiated mice, marrow pathology at 15 days was hypocellular (10% cellularity) in controls, but normal (55–75% cellularity) with complete neutrophil maturation with ST7-S treatment. Following lethal irradiation, ST7, given orally for 4 days, reduced mortality, with 30% survival in ST7-animals vs 8% in controls, (p<0.05). Collectively, the studies indicate that ST7 and ST7-S enhance myeloid recovery post-radiation and merit further evaluation to accelerate hematologic recovery in conditions of radiation-related and other marrow hypoplasias.

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“…Lower doses can inflict damage to DNA molecules that will not lead to cell death, but might cause later effects, including neoplastic transformation. [ 7 ]…”

Section: Clinical and Biological Effects Of Ionizing Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health implications of radiological terrorism: Perspectives from Israel

Hagby

Goldberg

Becker

et al. 2009

J Emerg Trauma Shock

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September 11th events taught us, members of the medical community, that we need to prepared for the worst. Nuclear terror is no longer science fiction. Radiological weapons of mass terror come in three flavors: The first one is nuclear. Since 1992, there have been six known cases of highly enriched uranium or plutonium being intercepted by authorities as it passed in or out of the former Soviet Union. Constructing a nuclear fission weapon requires high-level expertise, substantial facilities, and lots of money. All three of which would be difficult, although not impossible, for a terrorist group to pull off without state support. However, terrorists could carry out potential mass destruction without sophisticated weaponry by targeting nuclear facilities using conventional bombs or hijacked aircrafts. Terror attacks could also carry out mass panic and radioactive contamination of people and environment by dispersal of radioactive materials with or without the use of conventional explosive devices. Most medical and para-medical personnel are not familiar with CBRN terror and radiation casualties. To lessen the impact of those potential attacks and provide care for the greatest number of potential survivors, the community as a whole – and the medical community in particular – must acquire the knowledge of the various signs and symptoms of exposure to irradiation and radioactive contamination as well as have a planned response once such an attack has occurred. Based on knowledge of radiation hazards, medical emergency planers should analyze the risks of each scenario, offer feasible solutions and translate them into internationally accepted plans that would be simple to carry out once such an attack took place. The planned response should be questioned and tested by drills. Those drills should check the triage, evacuation routes, decontamination posts, evacuation centers and receiving hospitals. It is crucial that the drill will consist of simulated casualties that will follow the evacuation route from point zero to the ED. Knowledge and exercise will reduce terror (fear) from radiation and help the community as a whole better cope with such an event. This article will review the general information of radiation types, their biological damage, clinical appearance and general concepts of nuclear event planning, focusing on medical response and focus on the Israeli perspective.

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Acute Radiation Syndrome

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Effects of Solar Particle Event Proton Radiation on Parameters Related to Ferret Emesis

Effects of Solar Particle Event Proton Radiation on Parameters Related to Ferret Emesis

An oral HemokineTM, α-methylhydrocinnamate, enhances myeloid and neutrophil recovery following irradiation in vivo

Health implications of radiological terrorism: Perspectives from Israel

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