Acute Psychiatric Responses to the Explosion at the World Trade Center: A Case Series

Helping Direct and Indirect Victims of National Terror: Experiences of Israeli Social Workers

“…The distress symptoms include generalized fear and anxiety, recurrent thoughts about the terror attack, avoidance behavior, physiological symptoms, depression, problems in daily functioning, and difficulties in relating to and trusting others. In severe cases, such a distress reaction can result in varying severity levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Barnes & Ephross, 1994;Difede, Apfeldorf, Cloiter, Spielman, & Perry, 1997;Gidron, 2002;.…”

An Evidence-Informed Model of Human Resistance, Resilience, and Recovery: The Johns Hopkins' Outcome-Driven Paradigm for Disaster Mental Health Services

“…A complete review of the benefits, indications, and contraindications of CBT have been previously defined and are beyond the scope of this paper (Bryant & Harvey, 2000;Katz, Pellegrino, Pandya, Ng, & DeLisi, 2002). Several acute trauma studies have established the benefits of CBT for trauma victims (Bryant, Harvey, Sackville, Dang, & Basten, 1998;Bryant, Sacksville, Dang, Moulds, & Guthrie, 1999;Difede, Apfeldory, Cloitre, Spielman, & Perry, 1997;Foa, Hearst, Ideda, & Perry, 1995;Frank et al, 1988). Cognitive appraisals appear to be key determinants of stress (for a review, see Everly & Lating, 2004) and trauma (Ehlers & Clark, 2003).…”

Unforeseen Consequences of Terrorism

“…This is speculation because little is known about the short-or long-term health effects of terrorism; it is difficult to predict who might be particularly vulnerable and how physical and mental health effects may ultimately manifest. 38 Perhaps our best insights are drawn from studies in Israel where the impact of local terrorism has become a part of the fabric of everyday life for 50 years. Studies on the psychological effects of terrorism in Israel indicated that (1) PTSD is common in those directly affected 39 ; (2) women tend to report more anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, and change in eating habits than men 34 ; (3) adolescents may be particularly at risk for developing psychological and functional difficulties in adulthood 34,40,41 ; and (4) level of exposure may not be the best predictor of health effects.…”

“…Difede et al 38 found that among World Trade Center bombing survivors seeking mental health treatment, typical symptoms associated with PTSD such as intrusive recollections, sleep disturbance, and heightened startle response failed to capture the subjective experience of their patients. Instead, patients were most distressed by the fact that their fundamental belief systems about themselves, others, and the world had been shattered.…”