Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms but not generalized anxiety symptoms are associated with severity of exposure to war trauma: A study of civilians under fire

Helpman, Liat; Besser, Avi; Neria, Yuval

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.001

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The results indicate that posttraumatic symptom levels were related to both direct exposure, in terms of daily disruption, and to prior exposure to traumatic events, but not to indirect exposure. This supports the literature that has found a dose effect, such that greater exposure is related to a stronger reaction [ 29 ]. It is interesting that indirect exposure did not contribute to PTSD symptoms, suggesting that direct exposure, both current and past, has a greater impact on PTSD, and these results replicate previous studies [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Shared trauma reality in war: Mental health therapists’ experience

Freedman

Mashiach

2018

PLoS ONE

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IntroductionShared traumatic reality occurs when therapists are doubly exposed to a traumatic event, both through their clients’ experience, along with their own direct exposure. Studies have shown that a shared traumatic reality can lead to both positive and negative outcomes for therapists. Most studies have examined these reactions sometime after the end of the traumatic event, and less is known about reactions that occur during a traumatic event. In addition, most studies have assumed, rather than examined, indirect exposure. In this study, we extend this literature by examining direct and indirect exposure of therapists during a war situation, and their psychological reactions.MethodOver a period of two months in 2014, 70% of the Israeli population was exposed to rocket fire. Geographical areas differed in terms of amount of exposure, and its potential danger. 151 therapists living throughout Israel were assessed via an Internet based survey in the middle of the war, and were assessed for the effects on their professional and personal lives, degree of burnout, ways of coping and symptoms levels of PTSD and psychological distress.ResultsThese indicate that significant differences in direct exposure occurred depending on place of residence. PTSD levels were related to higher direct exposure, as well as prior trauma exposure, but not to indirect exposure. Indirect exposure, as measured by increased workload, was related to increased distress and emotional exhaustion.DiscussionThese data shed light on the effects of direct and indirect exposure to a shared traumatic experience of war amongst therapists. The data support previous studies showing a greater effect of direct exposure on PTSD. Since indirect exposure appears to negatively impact burnout and psychological distress, rather than PTSD, this study shows that symptoms other than PTSD should be the result of in a shared traumatic reality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Shared trauma reality in war: Mental health therapists’ experience

Freedman

Mashiach

2018

PLoS ONE

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“…Epidemiological studies have found that most adults have been exposed to at least one event that could be characterized as traumatic (Beristianos et al 2016;Gillikin et al 2016). Further, a history of trauma exposure, especially in childhood, is disproportionately high among clinical populations in mental health, substance abuse, forensic, domestic violence, child welfare, homeless, and sexual assault settings, among others (Alvarez et al 2011;Glad et al 2017;Helpman et al 2015;Rossiter et al 2015).…”

Section: Trauma-informed Practice and Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma Informed Practice and Care: Implications for Field Instruction

Knight

2018

Clin Soc Work J

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This article summarizes the evolution in thinking about trauma and its impact on those who have experienced it. The nature of trauma-informed (TI) practice and care and implications for field instruction are then explained. This discussion is based upon the assumption that skills of social work field instruction that already have an evidence base lay the foundation for TI field instruction. Composite case examples drawn from the author's experiences as a field liaison, a practitioner who works with trauma survivors, and an instructor in the generalist practice curriculum illustrate methods and skills of field instruction from a trauma informed perspective.

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“…People who are preparing for combat and civilians who live close to conflict may also feel anxiety because of such events [ 13 ]. Currently, the media can transmit information from battlefields, so not only people who directly hear gunshots or artillery but also the whole country or province can become anxious, which occurs with certain events [ 14 ]. Assuming that there are differences in the factors that induce the stress, the anxiety responses of the body are the same, and therefore prolonged exposure to these feelings could be comparable in different situations, such as states of war and peace.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of anxiety levels among young males in a threat of experiencing military conflict–Applying a machine-learning algorithm in a psychosociological study

Павлова

Zikrach²,

Mosler

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Background Anxiety could be felt even in objectively peaceful situations, but a vision of conflict could result in increased stress levels. In this article, we aimed to identify hidden patterns of mental conditions and create male profiles to illustrate the different subgroups as well as determinants of anxiety levels among them in accordance with proximity to a possibility of direct exposure to military action. Methods A sample of Ukrainian males, in duty as conscripts to military service (n = 392, M±SD = 22.1±5.3) participated in a survey. We used the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition to psychological indices, social-demographic data were collected. To discover the number of clusters, the k-means algorithm was used, the optimal number of clusters was found by the elbow algorithm. For validation of the model and its use for further prediction, the random forest machine-learning algorithm, was used. Results By performing k-means cluster analyses, 3 subgroups were identified. High values of psychological indices dominated in Subgroup 2, while lowest values dominated in Subgroup 3. Subgroup 1 showed a more even distribution among the indices. The strength of the relevance and main determinants of the prediction of the presented model mostly consisted of mental qualities, while socio-demographic data were slightly significant.

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Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms but not generalized anxiety symptoms are associated with severity of exposure to war trauma: A study of civilians under fire

Cited by 15 publications

References 71 publications

Shared trauma reality in war: Mental health therapists’ experience

Shared trauma reality in war: Mental health therapists’ experience

Trauma Informed Practice and Care: Implications for Field Instruction

Determinants of anxiety levels among young males in a threat of experiencing military conflict–Applying a machine-learning algorithm in a psychosociological study

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