Acute Poisoning with the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Imidacloprid in<i>N</i>-Methyl Pyrrolidone

Wu, I‐Wen; Lin, Ja‐Liang; Cheng, En-Tsung

doi:10.1081/clt-100108494

Cited by 80 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…No published data reporting fatal cases due to imidacloprid ingestion were found, and thus results interpretation become more difficult. However, I-Wen et al [24] described a case of an acute human intoxication with an insecticide formulation containing imidacloprid and N-methyl pyrrolidone, as Confidor…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two fatal intoxication cases with imidacloprid: LC/MS analysis

Proença

Teixeira

Castanheira

et al. 2005

Forensic Science International

108

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Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] is a new and potent nitromethylene insecticide with high insecticidal activity at very low application rates. It is the first highly effective insecticide that, like nicotine, acts on the nervous system, causing blockage of postsynaptic nicotinergic acetylcholine receptors. Two fatal cases with this insecticide in two male individuals, of 33 and 66 years old, are presented.An LC/MS with electrospray method for measuring imidacloprid and its metabolites in post-mortem samples is described. In the chromatographic separation, a reverse-phase column XTerra TM MS C 18 (2.1 mm i.d. Â 150 mm, 5 mm) was used and the mobile phase composed with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (15:85), at a 0.25 mL/min flow rate. Samples were prepared with a liquid-liquid extraction procedure with dichloromethane.Calibration curves for imidacloprid in blood and urine samples were linear from 0.2 to 15 mg/mL. The mean recovery was 86% with a coefficient of variation of AE5.9%. The detection limit was 0.002 mg/mL. Quantitative results were obtained for all post-mortem matrices available of the two fatal cases: blood, urine, stomach contents, lung, liver and kidney. The imidacloprid blood concentrations found in two-cases were 12.5 and 2.05 mg/mL.The authors validated a method to detect and quantify imidacloprid in post-mortem samples, and to our knowledge for the first time a post-mortem tissue distribution was performed on various samples for this insecticide. #

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two fatal intoxication cases with imidacloprid: LC/MS analysis

Proença

Teixeira

Castanheira

et al. 2005

Forensic Science International

108

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“…Several cases of poisoning have been reported in the literature (Wu et al, 2001;Proenca et al, 2005). Signs and symptoms were similar to those of nicotine compounds, including fatigue, cramps and muscle weakness, also affecting respiratory muscles (Doull et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Aprea¹,

Lunghini²,

Banchi³

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The aim of this research was to assess dermal and respiratory exposure of workers to imidacloprid during manual operations with ornamental plants previously treated in greenhouses or tunnels. A total of 10 female workers, 5 in greenhouses and 5 in tunnels, were monitored for 3 or 5 consecutive days. Actual skin contamination, excluding hands, was evaluated using nine filter paper pads placed directly on the skin. To evaluate the efficacy of protective clothing in reducing occupational exposure we also placed four pads on top of the outer clothing. Hand contamination was evaluated by washing with 95% ethanol. Respiratory exposure was evaluated by personal air sampling. Respiratory dose was calculated on the basis of a lung ventilation of 15 l/min. Absorbed doses were calculated assuming a skin penetration of 10% and a respiratory retention of 100%. Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs) were determined during the days of re-entry in order to determine the dermal transfer factor. From the dependence of dermal exposure of hands from DFRs, a mean transfer factor was estimated to be 36.4 cm 2 /h. Imidacloprid was determined by liquid chromatography with selective mass detection and electrospray interface in all matrices analysed. Respiratory dose was 4.1 ± 4.0 (0.1-14.3)% and 3.0 ± 2.0 (0.6-6.9)% (mean ± SD (range)) of the total real dose during work in tunnels and greenhouses, respectively. The estimated absorbed doses, 0.29 ± 0.45 mg/kg (0.06-2.25 mg/kg) body weight and 0.32±0.18 mg/kg (0.07-0.66 mg/kg) body weight (mean±SD (range)) in tunnels and in greenhouses, respectively, were less than the acceptable operator exposure level of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and than the acceptable daily intake of 0.05 mg/kg body weight. The hands and exposed skin of all workers were found to be contaminated, indicating that greater precautions, such as daily changing of gloves and clothing, are necessary to reduce skin exposure.

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“…Few case reports of attempted suicides have been described. 9,10 Symptoms range from neuropsychiatric symptoms, cardiovascular manifestations like tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia, and cardiac arrest. 9 There is a paucity of information about human toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%