Acute Physiological Responses to Moderate-Intensity Continuous, High-Intensity Interval, and Variable-Intensity Intermittent Exercise

Guilkey, Justin P.; Culver, Meral N.; Wolfe, Matthew; Johnson, Kelly E.; Lauver, Jakob D.; Thompson, Jenna

doi:10.1080/02701367.2021.1939845

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In summary, while some studies suggest that HIIT may increase cortisol levels among pregnant women, the significance and potential implications of this increase are still being explored as long as the values of cortisol levels remain inconclusive ( 25 ). It is important to note that exercise-induced cortisol responses in the participants of our study are generally considered normal and not necessarily detrimental to health ( 56 , 57 ). Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between HIIT, cortisol response, and the potential short-term and long-term effects on maternal and fetal health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…HIIT involves pushing the body to its limits and can be physically demanding, which may activate the body’s stress response system and lead to cortisol release. Some studies suggest that acute bouts of HIIT can temporarily increase cortisol levels immediately after exercise ( 56 , 57 ). Of note, in our study increase of cortisol was greater among those women with initial lower cortisol and smaller among those with initial higher cortisol level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress is not so bad—cortisol level and psychological functioning after 8-week HIIT program during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

Wilczyńska,

Walczak-Kozłowska,

Santos-Rocha

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundAmid extensive pregnancy exercise research, the impact of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on pregnant women’s mental health is underexplored. Despite exercise benefits, it can trigger stress responses like elevated cortisol. This study fills the gap by investigating correlations between hair cortisol levels, mental health, and HIIT effects in pregnant women.MethodsWe conducted a randomized control trial among 38 Caucasian women in uncomplicated, singleton pregnancy (age 31.11 ± 4.03 years, 21.82 ± 4.30 week of gestation; mean ± SD). The experimental group comprised 22 women engaged in an 8-week high-intensity interval training program (HIIT). The comparative group consisted of 16 pregnant women undergoing an 8-week educational program (EDU). Before and after the interventions, all women were evaluated using the following tools: Hair cortisol level measurements, Beck Depression Inventory – II for depressive symptoms assessment, Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire for childbirth fear measurement, 12-item Short Form Health Survey to gage health-related quality of life, International Physical Activity Questionnaire for physical activity level estimation, and a Progressive maximal exercise test to evaluate maternal exercise capacity.ResultsThe key finding of our study reveals that women engaged in the HIIT intervention exhibited a distinct cortisol production pattern in contrast to the EDU group practicing standard moderate intensity physical activity. In the HIIT group, there was an increase in hair cortisol levels, while the EDU group showed a notable decrease. Remarkably, HIIT stimulated cortisol production without adversely impacting fear of childbirth and psychophysical condition during pregnancy. In fact, only the HIIT group showed a significant enhancement in mental health.ConclusionNo links were discovered between hair cortisol levels and the severity of depressive symptoms, psychophysical well-being, or fear of childbirth. Hence, based on our research, employing cortisol levels during pregnancy as an indicator of negative stress or depression risk appears unwarranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress is not so bad—cortisol level and psychological functioning after 8-week HIIT program during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

Wilczyńska,

Walczak-Kozłowska,

Santos-Rocha

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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The effect of high-intensity intermittent and moderate-intensity continuous exercises on neurobiological markers and cognitive performance

Buzdagli,

Ozan,

Baygutalp

et al. 2024

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background The effects of exercise on cognitive functions and general brain health have been increasingly studied. Such studies conducted among athletes are very important to understanding the effects of different exercise methods on biochemical parameters and cognitive performance. The present study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) based on biochemical parameters and cognitive performance in athletes. Methods A total of twenty-eight elite male boxing athletes aged > 18 years, with at least eight years of training experience, who successfully achieved national and international levels were included in this study. The elite athletes participating in the study were aged 24.43 ± 4.72 years, 14.45 ± 5.89 years of training experience, had a body weight of 74.64 ± 7.82 kg, and had a height of 177 ± 7.15 cm. Athletes who consumed any stimulants during the testing or supplementation phase, nutritional supplements, or steroids that may have affected hormone levels or sports performance in the last three months were excluded from this study. Venous blood samples were obtained, and cognitive performance tests (Stroop tests) were applied (i) immediately after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), (ii) one hour after HIIE, (iii) immediately after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), and (iv) one hour after MICE. Serum BDNF, S100B, and NSE levels were measured after each session. Results Serum BDNF levels were significantly (F = 2.142, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.589) greater in the HIIE group (5.65 ± 1.79 ng/mL) than in the control group (1.24 ± 0.54 ng/mL) and MICE group (3.38 ± 1.29 ng/mL) for the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Serum S100B levels were significantly (F = 3.427, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.427) greater in the HIIE group (71.92 ± 23.05 ng/L) than in the control group (47.39 ± 15.78 ng/L), however there was no significant difference between the HIIE and MICE groups (59.62 ± 28.90 ng/L) in the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Serum NSE levels were significantly (F = 1.475, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.312) greater in the HIIE group (14.57 ± 2.52 ng/mL) than in the control group (9.51 ± 3.44 ng/ML mL), however there was no significant difference between the HIIE and MICE groups (59.62 ± 28.90 ng/L) in the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Compared with control groups, both HIIE and MICE improved cognitive performance demonstrated by the Stroop test results. Again, HIIE was superior to MICE in terms of Stroop task reaction time and error rate (incongruent task) scores. Conclusion HIIE and MICE have favorable effects on improving cognitive performance and neuroprotection in an athlete population. HIIE is considered to be superior to MICE in improving neuroprotection and cognitive performance. Our study has remarkable results demonstrating the benefits of HIIT on neuroprotection and cognitive performance. HIIE is recommended instead of MICE, especially in sports where cognitive performance is more important.

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Acute Physiological Responses to Moderate-Intensity Continuous, High-Intensity Interval, and Variable-Intensity Intermittent Exercise

Cited by 2 publications

References 40 publications

Stress is not so bad—cortisol level and psychological functioning after 8-week HIIT program during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

Stress is not so bad—cortisol level and psychological functioning after 8-week HIIT program during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

The effect of high-intensity intermittent and moderate-intensity continuous exercises on neurobiological markers and cognitive performance

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