Acute Passive Static Stretching and Cramp Threshold Frequency

Panza, Gino S.; Stadler, Justin; Murray, D. Duncan; Lerma, Nicholas L.; Barrett, Thomas J.; Pettit‐Mee, Ryan; Edwards, Jeffrey E.

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.7.03

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Therefore, the present study investigated the hypothesis that ingestion of spring water after 2% dehydration induced by DHR in the heat would decrease TF, but no changes in TF would be observed after ingestion of ORS. Previous studies have used TF of the abductor hallucis muscle,13–15 or the plantar flexors,16 and used a decrease in TF as a marker of increased muscle cramp susceptibility. In the present study, a TF measure of calf muscles was established and used to assess muscle cramp susceptibility after DHR in the heat, and OS-1 ® (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Japan) was used as ORS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water intake after dehydration makes muscles more susceptible to cramp but electrolytes reverse that effect

Lau

Kato

Nosaka

2019

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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ObjectiveNo previous study has compared water and oral rehydration solution (ORS) intake after dehydration induced by exercise in the heat for the effect on muscle cramps. The present study tested the hypothesis that water ingestion after dehydration would increase muscle cramp susceptibility, but this would be prevented by ORS ingestion.MethodsTen men performed two bouts of downhill running (DHR; −5%) in the heat (35°C–36 °C) until their body mass was reduced by 2%. Ten minutes after DHR, either spring water or electrolyte water similar to ORS (OS-1®) was ingested in a counter-balanced order on two different days separated by a week. Muscle cramp susceptibility was assessed by a threshold frequency (TF) of electrical train stimulation to induce cramp before, immediately after (0), and 30 and 60 min after the ingestion. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 80 min after DHR to measure serum electrolyte concentrations.ResultsMuscle cramp susceptibility assessed by TF did not change from baseline to immediately after DHR for both conditions (water: 24.6 ± 2.1 Hz, OS-1®: 24.7 ± 1.4 Hz). TF decreased after water intake by 4.3 Hz (30 min) and 5.1 Hz (60 min post-ingestion), but increased after OS-1®intake by 3.7 and 5.4 Hz, respectively. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations decreased after water intake but maintained after OS-1®intake.ConclusionThese results suggest that water intake after dehydration makes muscles more susceptible to electrical simulation-induced muscle cramp, probably due to dilution of electrolytes, and when OS-1®is consumed, the susceptibility to muscle cramp decreases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water intake after dehydration makes muscles more susceptible to cramp but electrolytes reverse that effect

Lau

Kato

Nosaka

2019

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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“…TF has been used to assess muscle cramp susceptibility in the previous studies for the abductor halluces muscle [18,19,23] or the plantar exors [14]. For example, Behringer et al [14] showed that neuromuscular electrical stimulation performed twice a week for 6 weeks reduced the number of spontaneous calf cramps by 78%, and this was accompanied by an increase in the cramp threshold frequency from 15.5 ± 8.5 Hz to 21.7 ± 12.4 Hz.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To quantify muscle cramp susceptibility, previous studies [14][15][16][17][18][19] used electrical stimulation to induce muscle cramp, and showed that muscle cramp was induced by increasing the electrical stilumation frequency, and the threshold frequency that induced muscle cramp could be used as an indicator of muscle cramp susceptibility. Lau et al [16] reported that spring water ingestion after dehydration equivalent to 2% of body mass induced by downhill running in the heat (35-36°C), increased muscle cramp susceptibility assessed by a threshold frequency (TF) of electrical train stimulation to induce cramp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of oral rehydration solution versus spring water intake during exercise in the heat on muscle cramp susceptibility of young men

Lau

Kato

Nosaka

2020

Preprint

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Background: Muscle cramp is a painful, involuntary muscle contraction, and occurs during or following exercise, which is referred to as exercise-associated muscle cramp (EAMC). The causes of EAMC are likely to be multifactorial, but dehydration and electrolytes deficits have been considered to be factors. This study tested the hypothesis that post-exercise muscle cramp susceptibility would be increased with spring water ingestion, but reduced with oral rehydration solution (ORS) ingestion during exercise. Methods: Ten men performed downhill running (DHR) in the heat (35–36°C) for 40–60 min to reduce 1.5–2% of their body mass in two conditions (spring water vs ORS) in a cross-over design. The body mass was measured at 20 min and every 10 min thereafter during DHR, and 30 min post-DHR. The participants ingested either spring water or ORS for the body mass loss in each period. The two conditions were counter-balanced among the participants and separated by a week. Calf muscle cramp susceptibility was assessed by a threshold frequency (TF) of an electrical train stimulation to induce cramp before, immediately after, 30 and 65 min post-DHR. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 65 min after DHR to measure serum sodium, potassium, magnesium and chroride concentrations, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and serum osmolarity. Changes in these varaibles over time were compared between conditions by two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance. Results: The average (±SD) baseline TF (25.6 ± 0.7 Hz) was the same between conditions. TF decreased by 3.8 ± 2.7 to 4.5 ± 1.7 Hz from immediately to 65 min post-DHR for the spring water condition, but increased by 6.5 ± 4.9 to 13.6 ± 6.0 Hz in the same time period for the ORS condition (P<0.05). Hct and Hb did not change significantly (P>0.05) for both conditions, but osmolarity decreased (P<0.05) only for the spring water condition. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations decreased (<2%) at immediately post-DHR for the spring water condition only (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that ORS intake during exercise decreased muscle cramp susceptibility. It was concluded that ingesting ORS appeared to be effective for preventing EAMC.

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“…A review by Nelson and Churilla stated that there is ‘strong evidence’ that passive stretching is the most effective treatment for muscle cramping, but did not identify this evidence [60]. More recently, Panza et al tested the possible association between acute static stretching of the muscle and prevention of cramping, using an experimental model whereby cramp was induced in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle by electrical stimulation with the muscle held in a shortened position [61]. In a crossover study, static stretch was compared with a no-stretch condition; the cramp TF increased in both the control and stretching conditions, with no difference between conditions.…”

Section: Possible Preventive and Treatment Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Cramping During Exercise: Causes, Solutions, and Questions Remaining

Maughan

Shirreffs

2019

Sports Med

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Muscle cramp is a temporary but intense and painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle that can occur in many different situations. The causes of, and cures for, the cramps that occur during or soon after exercise remain uncertain, although there is evidence that some cases may be associated with disturbances of water and salt balance, while others appear to involve sustained abnormal spinal reflex activity secondary to fatigue of the affected muscles. Evidence in favour of a role for dyshydration comes largely from medical records obtained in large industrial settings, although it is supported by one large-scale intervention trial and by field trials involving small numbers of athletes. Cramp is notoriously unpredictable, making laboratory studies difficult, but experimental models involving electrical stimulation or intense voluntary contractions of small muscles held in a shortened position can induce cramp in many, although not all, individuals. These studies show that dehydration has no effect on the stimulation frequency required to initiate cramping and confirm a role for spinal pathways, but their relevance to the spontaneous cramps that occur during exercise is questionable. There is a long history of folk remedies for treatment or prevention of cramps; some may reduce the likelihood of some forms of cramping and reduce its intensity and duration, but none are consistently effective. It seems likely that there are different types of cramp that are initiated by different mechanisms; if this is the case, the search for a single strategy for prevention or treatment is unlikely to succeed.

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Acute Passive Static Stretching and Cramp Threshold Frequency

Abstract: Acute passive static stretching did not seem to increase the CTF.

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Water intake after dehydration makes muscles more susceptible to cramp but electrolytes reverse that effect

Water intake after dehydration makes muscles more susceptible to cramp but electrolytes reverse that effect

Effect of oral rehydration solution versus spring water intake during exercise in the heat on muscle cramp susceptibility of young men

Muscle Cramping During Exercise: Causes, Solutions, and Questions Remaining

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